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Dogs have been our loyal companions, protectors, and heroes for centuries. Some have left such a profound impact on the world that they’ve been immortalized in statues, monuments, and stories that continue to inspire us today. From war heroes to beloved pets, these extraordinary dogs have earned their place in history and to be called […]
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Okay, let's unpack this. Let's do it.
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Okay, let's unpack this. Let's do it.
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Okay, let's unpack this. Let's do it. >> We have this
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>> We have this
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>> We have this >> just this incredible stack of sources
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>> just this incredible stack of sources
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>> just this incredible stack of sources dedicated to the best dogs in history,
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dedicated to the best dogs in history,
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dedicated to the best dogs in history, >> but this isn't just, you know, a list of
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>> but this isn't just, you know, a list of
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>> but this isn't just, you know, a list of cute stories. This is a real historical
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cute stories. This is a real historical
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cute stories. This is a real historical and uh sociological exploration.
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and uh sociological exploration.
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and uh sociological exploration. >> Exactly. I'm glad you said that. Our
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>> Exactly. I'm glad you said that. Our
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>> Exactly. I'm glad you said that. Our source material isn't really focused on
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source material isn't really focused on
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source material isn't really focused on everyday loyalty, which is wonderful in
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everyday loyalty, which is wonderful in
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everyday loyalty, which is wonderful in its own right. This deep dive is all
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its own right. This deep dive is all
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its own right. This deep dive is all about the canine heroes, the individuals
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about the canine heroes, the individuals
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about the canine heroes, the individuals who left such a profound mark on human
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who left such a profound mark on human
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who left such a profound mark on human history that entire societies felt they
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history that entire societies felt they
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history that entire societies felt they had to, you know, stop and memorialize
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had to, you know, stop and memorialize
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had to, you know, stop and memorialize them
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them
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them >> in stone and bronze.
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>> in stone and bronze.
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>> in stone and bronze. >> That's really the core of our mission
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>> That's really the core of our mission
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>> That's really the core of our mission today, isn't it? Right.
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today, isn't it? Right.
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today, isn't it? Right. >> We're looking beyond the famous names
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>> We're looking beyond the famous names
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>> We're looking beyond the famous names everyone knows, Balto, Stubby, Hiko, and
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everyone knows, Balto, Stubby, Hiko, and
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everyone knows, Balto, Stubby, Hiko, and we're analyzing why.
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we're analyzing why.
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we're analyzing why. >> Why did they resonate so deeply? And
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>> Why did they resonate so deeply? And
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>> Why did they resonate so deeply? And what do these memorials really tell us
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what do these memorials really tell us
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what do these memorials really tell us about the human dog relationship?
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about the human dog relationship?
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about the human dog relationship? >> And we have sources that cover
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>> And we have sources that cover
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>> And we have sources that cover everything. We're talking ancient tombs,
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everything. We're talking ancient tombs,
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everything. We're talking ancient tombs, the trenches of World War I, and even uh
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the trenches of World War I, and even uh
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the trenches of World War I, and even uh the vacuum of space.
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the vacuum of space.
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the vacuum of space. >> It's an amazing scope.
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>> It's an amazing scope.
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>> It's an amazing scope. >> It is. The sources give us a perfect
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>> It is. The sources give us a perfect
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>> It is. The sources give us a perfect framework. They trace the philosophical
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framework. They trace the philosophical
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framework. They trace the philosophical origins of memorializing animals. They
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origins of memorializing animals. They
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origins of memorializing animals. They highlight the specific just incredible
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highlight the specific just incredible
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highlight the specific just incredible feats of courage and then they analyze
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feats of courage and then they analyze
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feats of courage and then they analyze the lasting cultural tributes.
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the lasting cultural tributes.
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the lasting cultural tributes. >> So for you, the listener, the benefit
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>> So for you, the listener, the benefit
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>> So for you, the listener, the benefit here is getting comprehensively informed
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here is getting comprehensively informed
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here is getting comprehensively informed on this fast. Yeah,
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on this fast. Yeah,
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on this fast. Yeah, >> you're not just getting the facts,
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>> you're not just getting the facts,
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>> you're not just getting the facts, you're getting the analysis. We're
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you're getting the analysis. We're
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you're getting the analysis. We're pulling out those surprising details and
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pulling out those surprising details and
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pulling out those surprising details and connecting the dots to show how these
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connecting the dots to show how these
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connecting the dots to show how these tributes reflect this incredibly
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tributes reflect this incredibly
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tributes reflect this incredibly powerful enduring bond throughout
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powerful enduring bond throughout
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powerful enduring bond throughout history.
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history.
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history. >> So, one of the most fascinating things
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>> So, one of the most fascinating things
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>> So, one of the most fascinating things right off the bat is that this desire to
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right off the bat is that this desire to
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right off the bat is that this desire to honor a dog, to publicly celebrate them,
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honor a dog, to publicly celebrate them,
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honor a dog, to publicly celebrate them, it's not a modern thing at all,
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it's not a modern thing at all,
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it's not a modern thing at all, >> right? It's not some, you know, 20th
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>> right? It's not some, you know, 20th
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>> right? It's not some, you know, 20th century sentiment.
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century sentiment.
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century sentiment. >> Not in the slightest. This reverence is
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>> Not in the slightest. This reverence is
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>> Not in the slightest. This reverence is deeply, deeply rooted in human history.
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deeply, deeply rooted in human history.
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deeply, deeply rooted in human history. And when you say depth, we're talking
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And when you say depth, we're talking
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And when you say depth, we're talking about real antiquity here. The sources
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about real antiquity here. The sources
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about real antiquity here. The sources show that acknowledging a dog is more
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show that acknowledging a dog is more
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show that acknowledging a dog is more than just property or a tool goes back
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than just property or a tool goes back
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than just property or a tool goes back thousands of years.
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thousands of years.
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thousands of years. >> Yes. It's about a deeply established
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>> Yes. It's about a deeply established
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>> Yes. It's about a deeply established emotional and uh social bond. To put it
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emotional and uh social bond. To put it
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emotional and uh social bond. To put it in context, just think about the ancient
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in context, just think about the ancient
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in context, just think about the ancient world for a second. Dogs were already
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world for a second. Dogs were already
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world for a second. Dogs were already indispensable. They were guardians,
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indispensable. They were guardians,
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indispensable. They were guardians, hunters, partners. But it's how they
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hunters, partners. But it's how they
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hunters, partners. But it's how they were treated in death that really
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were treated in death that really
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were treated in death that really signals their elevated status.
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signals their elevated status.
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signals their elevated status. >> Okay. So, the example from ancient Egypt
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>> Okay. So, the example from ancient Egypt
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>> Okay. So, the example from ancient Egypt in our sources
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in our sources
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in our sources It's just astonishingly detailed. It
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It's just astonishingly detailed. It
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It's just astonishingly detailed. It highlights that dogs were sometimes
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highlights that dogs were sometimes
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highlights that dogs were sometimes buried with their owners.
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buried with their owners.
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buried with their owners. >> Right. And not just buried near the
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>> Right. And not just buried near the
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>> Right. And not just buried near the family tomb. They were interred right
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family tomb. They were interred right
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family tomb. They were interred right alongside the humans they served.
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alongside the humans they served.
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alongside the humans they served. >> And the most critical detail.
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>> And the most critical detail.
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>> And the most critical detail. >> Yeah.
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>> Yeah.
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>> Yeah. >> Their names were inscribed on the tombs.
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>> Their names were inscribed on the tombs.
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>> Their names were inscribed on the tombs. >> Exactly. And that isn't just a physical
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>> Exactly. And that isn't just a physical
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>> Exactly. And that isn't just a physical act. It's a spiritual acknowledgement.
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act. It's a spiritual acknowledgement.
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act. It's a spiritual acknowledgement. Inscribing a name on a tomb that
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Inscribing a name on a tomb that
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Inscribing a name on a tomb that signifies that this companion was
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signifies that this companion was
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signifies that this companion was considered vital, essential, not just in
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considered vital, essential, not just in
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considered vital, essential, not just in this life, but for the journey into the
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this life, but for the journey into the
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this life, but for the journey into the afterlife. It elevates the dog from
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afterlife. It elevates the dog from
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afterlife. It elevates the dog from property to a named, legitimate, eternal
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property to a named, legitimate, eternal
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property to a named, legitimate, eternal member of the family. That just shows
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member of the family. That just shows
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member of the family. That just shows the dog was seen as having a spirit, an
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the dog was seen as having a spirit, an
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the dog was seen as having a spirit, an identity worthy of being remembered
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identity worthy of being remembered
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identity worthy of being remembered forever. But as societies evolved, the
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forever. But as societies evolved, the
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forever. But as societies evolved, the way we honored them changed, didn't it?
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way we honored them changed, didn't it?
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way we honored them changed, didn't it? It moved from these private personal
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It moved from these private personal
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It moved from these private personal tomb inscriptions to something much more
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tomb inscriptions to something much more
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tomb inscriptions to something much more public.
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public.
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public. >> That's the crucial evolution. While that
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>> That's the crucial evolution. While that
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>> That's the crucial evolution. While that deep reverence existed for millennia,
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deep reverence existed for millennia,
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deep reverence existed for millennia, the shift to public memorials, you know,
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the shift to public memorials, you know,
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the shift to public memorials, you know, statues and city squares or parks,
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statues and city squares or parks,
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statues and city squares or parks, that's a much newer phenomenon. It
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that's a much newer phenomenon. It
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that's a much newer phenomenon. It really takes root in the 19th century.
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really takes root in the 19th century.
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really takes root in the 19th century. >> So, why the 19th century? What was going
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>> So, why the 19th century? What was going
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>> So, why the 19th century? What was going on in society that suddenly made
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on in society that suddenly made
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on in society that suddenly made celebrating a dog's heroism a public
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celebrating a dog's heroism a public
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celebrating a dog's heroism a public project instead of just a private act of
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project instead of just a private act of
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project instead of just a private act of remembrance?
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remembrance?
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remembrance? >> That's a great question. The 19th
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>> That's a great question. The 19th
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>> That's a great question. The 19th century was a period of just massive
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century was a period of just massive
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century was a period of just massive change. Urbanization, industrialization,
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change. Urbanization, industrialization,
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change. Urbanization, industrialization, and really significantly the rise of
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and really significantly the rise of
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and really significantly the rise of formalized animal welfare movements.
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formalized animal welfare movements.
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formalized animal welfare movements. >> Okay, that makes sense.
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>> Okay, that makes sense.
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>> Okay, that makes sense. >> As life in cities became more
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>> As life in cities became more
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>> As life in cities became more mechanized, more fragmented, there was
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mechanized, more fragmented, there was
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mechanized, more fragmented, there was this cultural need for symbols that
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this cultural need for symbols that
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this cultural need for symbols that represented things like unwavering
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represented things like unwavering
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represented things like unwavering loyalty, courage, simplicity.
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loyalty, courage, simplicity.
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loyalty, courage, simplicity. >> So these public monuments serve two
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>> So these public monuments serve two
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>> So these public monuments serve two purposes. First, celebrating a specific
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purposes. First, celebrating a specific
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purposes. First, celebrating a specific act by a specific dog, but second,
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act by a specific dog, but second,
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act by a specific dog, but second, giving the public a shared tangible
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giving the public a shared tangible
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giving the public a shared tangible symbol of values that might have felt
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symbol of values that might have felt
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symbol of values that might have felt like they were disappearing.
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like they were disappearing.
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like they were disappearing. >> Precisely. The rise of these memorials,
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>> Precisely. The rise of these memorials,
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>> Precisely. The rise of these memorials, which celebrated these extraordinary
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which celebrated these extraordinary
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which celebrated these extraordinary acts of bravery or service, it coincided
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acts of bravery or service, it coincided
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acts of bravery or service, it coincided with the growing societal conversation
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with the growing societal conversation
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with the growing societal conversation about the moral status of animals. These
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about the moral status of animals. These
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about the moral status of animals. These monuments became powerful public
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monuments became powerful public
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monuments became powerful public statements of gratitude. And if we look
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statements of gratitude. And if we look
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statements of gratitude. And if we look at modern memorials today, they can be
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at modern memorials today, they can be
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at modern memorials today, they can be anything from a small plaque to a grand
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anything from a small plaque to a grand
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anything from a small plaque to a grand city statue. But that central emotional
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city statue. But that central emotional
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city statue. But that central emotional purpose is exactly the same as it was
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purpose is exactly the same as it was
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purpose is exactly the same as it was back then. It's all about acknowledging
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back then. It's all about acknowledging
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back then. It's all about acknowledging that profound impact.
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that profound impact.
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that profound impact. >> Yes. If we connect this to the bigger
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>> Yes. If we connect this to the bigger
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>> Yes. If we connect this to the bigger picture, these tributes are tangible
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picture, these tributes are tangible
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picture, these tributes are tangible proof that human history is just
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proof that human history is just
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proof that human history is just incomplete without acknowledging the
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incomplete without acknowledging the
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incomplete without acknowledging the unique, often life-saving roles that
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unique, often life-saving roles that
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unique, often life-saving roles that dogs have played. Whether they were
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dogs have played. Whether they were
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dogs have played. Whether they were saving lives in the Alps or just
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saving lives in the Alps or just
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saving lives in the Alps or just providing that constant companionship,
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providing that constant companionship,
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providing that constant companionship, these memorials cement their place in
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these memorials cement their place in
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these memorials cement their place in our shared story.
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our shared story.
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our shared story. >> So, transitioning from that historical
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>> So, transitioning from that historical
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>> So, transitioning from that historical reverence, let's move into concrete
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reverence, let's move into concrete
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reverence, let's move into concrete heroism on the battlefield. Dogs of War
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heroism on the battlefield. Dogs of War
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heroism on the battlefield. Dogs of War filled these absolutely crucial roles.
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filled these absolutely crucial roles.
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filled these absolutely crucial roles. They were messengers, scouts, sentries,
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They were messengers, scouts, sentries,
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They were messengers, scouts, sentries, lifesavers, roles that put them directly
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lifesavers, roles that put them directly
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lifesavers, roles that put them directly in the line of fire.
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in the line of fire.
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in the line of fire. >> Their service was often silent, but
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>> Their service was often silent, but
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>> Their service was often silent, but you're right, it was indispensable. They
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you're right, it was indispensable. They
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you're right, it was indispensable. They had senses and instincts that humans
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had senses and instincts that humans
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had senses and instincts that humans just don't have, which made them
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just don't have, which made them
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just don't have, which made them incredibly effective early warning
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incredibly effective early warning
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incredibly effective early warning systems, especially in, you know, the
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systems, especially in, you know, the
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systems, especially in, you know, the horrors of trench warfare.
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horrors of trench warfare.
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horrors of trench warfare. >> And this is where it gets really
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>> And this is where it gets really
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>> And this is where it gets really interesting. We have to start with the
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interesting. We have to start with the
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interesting. We have to start with the gold standard of military dogs, Sergeant
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gold standard of military dogs, Sergeant
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gold standard of military dogs, Sergeant Stubby.
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Stubby.
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Stubby. >> Stuby's story is just pure chance. He
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>> Stuby's story is just pure chance. He
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>> Stuby's story is just pure chance. He was a stray Boston Terrier mix who
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was a stray Boston Terrier mix who
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was a stray Boston Terrier mix who literally just wandered onto the Yale
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literally just wandered onto the Yale
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literally just wandered onto the Yale University campus where the 102nd
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University campus where the 102nd
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University campus where the 102nd Infantry Regiment was training for World
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Infantry Regiment was training for World
5:28
Infantry Regiment was training for World War I.
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War I.
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War I. >> So, he wasn't bred for this?
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>> So, he wasn't bred for this?
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>> So, he wasn't bred for this? >> Not at all. He was smuggled overseas and
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>> Not at all. He was smuggled overseas and
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>> Not at all. He was smuggled overseas and ended up serving in the trenches of
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ended up serving in the trenches of
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ended up serving in the trenches of France for 18 months.
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France for 18 months.
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France for 18 months. >> 18 months in the trenches. That's
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>> 18 months in the trenches. That's
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>> 18 months in the trenches. That's unimaginable for a person, let alone a
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unimaginable for a person, let alone a
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unimaginable for a person, let alone a dog. So, what did he actually do that
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dog. So, what did he actually do that
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dog. So, what did he actually do that made him so legendary?
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made him so legendary?
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made him so legendary? >> Well, his most critical contribution was
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>> Well, his most critical contribution was
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>> Well, his most critical contribution was his ability to detect the faintest trace
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his ability to detect the faintest trace
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his ability to detect the faintest trace of poison gas.
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of poison gas.
5:48
of poison gas. >> A terrifying and indiscriminate killer
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>> A terrifying and indiscriminate killer
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>> A terrifying and indiscriminate killer in that war.
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in that war.
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in that war. >> Absolutely. He would run through the
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>> Absolutely. He would run through the
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>> Absolutely. He would run through the trenches, barking and nipping at the
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trenches, barking and nipping at the
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trenches, barking and nipping at the soldiers, waking them up long before any
5:57
soldiers, waking them up long before any
5:57
soldiers, waking them up long before any human sentry or chemical alarm could
5:58
human sentry or chemical alarm could
5:58
human sentry or chemical alarm could register the threat. He saved countless
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register the threat. He saved countless
6:01
register the threat. He saved countless lives just with that one skill.
6:03
lives just with that one skill.
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lives just with that one skill. >> That's immense. And beyond the gas
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>> That's immense. And beyond the gas
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>> That's immense. And beyond the gas alarms, the sources also detail his
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alarms, the sources also detail his
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alarms, the sources also detail his tactical value. He would locate wounded
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tactical value. He would locate wounded
6:10
tactical value. He would locate wounded soldiers in no man's land.
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soldiers in no man's land.
6:12
soldiers in no man's land. >> A true lifesaver. But the anecdote that
6:15
>> A true lifesaver. But the anecdote that
6:15
>> A true lifesaver. But the anecdote that really sealed his legend, the one that
6:17
really sealed his legend, the one that
6:17
really sealed his legend, the one that captured the public's imagination, was
6:19
captured the public's imagination, was
6:19
captured the public's imagination, was when he found a German spy who was
6:21
when he found a German spy who was
6:21
when he found a German spy who was mapping the Allied trenches.
6:22
mapping the Allied trenches.
6:22
mapping the Allied trenches. >> Hey, what happened?
6:23
>> Hey, what happened?
6:23
>> Hey, what happened? >> Stubby reportedly bit the spy, held him
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>> Stubby reportedly bit the spy, held him
6:25
>> Stubby reportedly bit the spy, held him down, and made sure he was captured. He
6:28
down, and made sure he was captured. He
6:28
down, and made sure he was captured. He actually earned a promotion to sergeant
6:29
actually earned a promotion to sergeant
6:29
actually earned a promotion to sergeant for it.
6:30
for it.
6:30
for it. >> A promotion. That detail is key. It
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>> A promotion. That detail is key. It
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>> A promotion. That detail is key. It wasn't just praise on the battlefield.
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wasn't just praise on the battlefield.
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wasn't just praise on the battlefield. It was formal military recognition, even
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It was formal military recognition, even
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It was formal military recognition, even if it was a bit unofficial. He met three
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if it was a bit unofficial. He met three
6:40
if it was a bit unofficial. He met three US presidents after the war, and his
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US presidents after the war, and his
6:42
US presidents after the war, and his preserved remains are now on display at
6:43
preserved remains are now on display at
6:44
preserved remains are now on display at the Smithsonian.
6:45
the Smithsonian.
6:45
the Smithsonian. >> Right. The National Museum of American
6:46
>> Right. The National Museum of American
6:46
>> Right. The National Museum of American History. That's basically
6:48
History. That's basically
6:48
History. That's basically institutionalizing a dog's contribution
6:50
institutionalizing a dog's contribution
6:50
institutionalizing a dog's contribution on a national level. It speaks volumes
6:52
on a national level. It speaks volumes
6:52
on a national level. It speaks volumes about public's need for heroic figures
6:55
about public's need for heroic figures
6:55
about public's need for heroic figures to come out of that terrible war. Stubby
6:57
to come out of that terrible war. Stubby
6:58
to come out of that terrible war. Stubby was the perfect symbol.
6:59
was the perfect symbol.
6:59
was the perfect symbol. >> Okay, so moving to World War II, we have
7:01
>> Okay, so moving to World War II, we have
7:01
>> Okay, so moving to World War II, we have another hero, Chips,
7:04
another hero, Chips,
7:04
another hero, Chips, but his story is more complicated.
7:06
but his story is more complicated.
7:06
but his story is more complicated. >> It is. Chips was a German Shepherd mix
7:08
>> It is. Chips was a German Shepherd mix
7:08
>> It is. Chips was a German Shepherd mix serving with the Third Infantry
7:09
serving with the Third Infantry
7:09
serving with the Third Infantry Division. His defining moment came
7:11
Division. His defining moment came
7:11
Division. His defining moment came during the invasion of Sicily in 1943.
7:14
during the invasion of Sicily in 1943.
7:14
during the invasion of Sicily in 1943. His unit was pinned down by heavy fire
7:16
His unit was pinned down by heavy fire
7:16
His unit was pinned down by heavy fire from an enemy machine gun nest inside a
7:18
from an enemy machine gun nest inside a
7:18
from an enemy machine gun nest inside a bunker
7:19
bunker
7:19
bunker >> and chips did the unthinkable. He broke
7:21
>> and chips did the unthinkable. He broke
7:21
>> and chips did the unthinkable. He broke free from his handler and under fire
7:23
free from his handler and under fire
7:23
free from his handler and under fire charged the nest. He basically conducted
7:25
charged the nest. He basically conducted
7:25
charged the nest. He basically conducted a solo assault on a fortified position
7:27
a solo assault on a fortified position
7:27
a solo assault on a fortified position and forced the four Italian soldiers
7:29
and forced the four Italian soldiers
7:29
and forced the four Italian soldiers inside to surrender. He saved his entire
7:32
inside to surrender. He saved his entire
7:32
inside to surrender. He saved his entire unit
7:32
unit
7:32
unit >> for that. An incredible act of courage.
7:34
>> for that. An incredible act of courage.
7:34
>> for that. An incredible act of courage. He was initially awarded the Silver Star
7:36
He was initially awarded the Silver Star
7:36
He was initially awarded the Silver Star and the Purple Heart. But, and here's
7:39
and the Purple Heart. But, and here's
7:39
and the Purple Heart. But, and here's the twist, those awards were later
7:41
the twist, those awards were later
7:41
the twist, those awards were later revoked. What did the sources tell us
7:43
revoked. What did the sources tell us
7:43
revoked. What did the sources tell us about why?
7:44
about why?
7:44
about why? >> Well, the revocation wasn't a judgment
7:45
>> Well, the revocation wasn't a judgment
7:45
>> Well, the revocation wasn't a judgment on Chips's courage. It was a reflection
7:47
on Chips's courage. It was a reflection
7:47
on Chips's courage. It was a reflection of strict military law that just hadn't
7:50
of strict military law that just hadn't
7:50
of strict military law that just hadn't evolved to recognize nonhuman recipients
7:52
evolved to recognize nonhuman recipients
7:52
evolved to recognize nonhuman recipients for those specific medals.
7:54
for those specific medals.
7:54
for those specific medals. >> So, it was a policy issue,
7:55
>> So, it was a policy issue,
7:55
>> So, it was a policy issue, >> purely policy. The regulation said those
7:58
>> purely policy. The regulation said those
7:58
>> purely policy. The regulation said those honors were for human soldiers only. His
8:01
honors were for human soldiers only. His
8:01
honors were for human soldiers only. His handler was reportedly furious, saying
8:03
handler was reportedly furious, saying
8:03
handler was reportedly furious, saying chips deserved the recognition more than
8:05
chips deserved the recognition more than
8:05
chips deserved the recognition more than a lot of men.
8:06
a lot of men.
8:06
a lot of men. >> That is so frustratingly compelling. It
8:08
>> That is so frustratingly compelling. It
8:08
>> That is so frustratingly compelling. It raises these big questions about legal
8:10
raises these big questions about legal
8:10
raises these big questions about legal and ethical precedence.
8:12
and ethical precedence.
8:12
and ethical precedence. >> It does. But despite the official
8:14
>> It does. But despite the official
8:14
>> It does. But despite the official policy, the cultural memory of Chips is
8:16
policy, the cultural memory of Chips is
8:16
policy, the cultural memory of Chips is completely intact. His story has been
8:19
completely intact. His story has been
8:19
completely intact. His story has been told in books and even a Disney movie.
8:21
told in books and even a Disney movie.
8:21
told in books and even a Disney movie. >> So, the public decided to honor him,
8:23
>> So, the public decided to honor him,
8:23
>> So, the public decided to honor him, even if the military couldn't
8:24
even if the military couldn't
8:24
even if the military couldn't officially.
8:25
officially.
8:25
officially. >> That's right. The cultural recognition
8:27
>> That's right. The cultural recognition
8:27
>> That's right. The cultural recognition became his true enduring memorial.
8:30
became his true enduring memorial.
8:30
became his true enduring memorial. >> Finally, let's talk about the smallest
8:31
>> Finally, let's talk about the smallest
8:31
>> Finally, let's talk about the smallest hero in the Pacific, Smokey. A tiny dog
8:35
hero in the Pacific, Smokey. A tiny dog
8:35
hero in the Pacific, Smokey. A tiny dog with a huge impact.
8:37
with a huge impact.
8:37
with a huge impact. >> Smokey was a 4-PB Yorkshire terrier. She
8:40
>> Smokey was a 4-PB Yorkshire terrier. She
8:40
>> Smokey was a 4-PB Yorkshire terrier. She was found abandoned in a foxhole in New
8:41
was found abandoned in a foxhole in New
8:42
was found abandoned in a foxhole in New Guinea. just four pounds
8:43
Guinea. just four pounds
8:43
Guinea. just four pounds >> and she spent two years in the Pacific
8:45
>> and she spent two years in the Pacific
8:45
>> and she spent two years in the Pacific theater surviving 150 air raids and 12
8:48
theater surviving 150 air raids and 12
8:48
theater surviving 150 air raids and 12 combat missions. Just her survival alone
8:50
combat missions. Just her survival alone
8:50
combat missions. Just her survival alone is a feat of endurance.
8:51
is a feat of endurance.
8:52
is a feat of endurance. >> But her service went way beyond just
8:53
>> But her service went way beyond just
8:53
>> But her service went way beyond just enduring. Our source details this
8:55
enduring. Our source details this
8:55
enduring. Our source details this surprising and critical engineering
8:57
surprising and critical engineering
8:57
surprising and critical engineering contribution she made.
8:58
contribution she made.
8:58
contribution she made. >> Right. The telegraph wire. She helped
9:00
>> Right. The telegraph wire. She helped
9:00
>> Right. The telegraph wire. She helped engineers build an air base by running a
9:02
engineers build an air base by running a
9:02
engineers build an air base by running a wire through a narrow 70 foot long pipe
9:05
wire through a narrow 70 foot long pipe
9:05
wire through a narrow 70 foot long pipe that was only 8 in wide.
9:07
that was only 8 in wide.
9:07
that was only 8 in wide. >> A task that would have been impossible
9:08
>> A task that would have been impossible
9:08
>> A task that would have been impossible for a human to do quickly. It would have
9:10
for a human to do quickly. It would have
9:10
for a human to do quickly. It would have taken them three days of digging up the
9:12
taken them three days of digging up the
9:12
taken them three days of digging up the runway, exposing them to enemy fire.
9:15
runway, exposing them to enemy fire.
9:15
runway, exposing them to enemy fire. Smokey ran the wire through in minutes.
9:18
Smokey ran the wire through in minutes.
9:18
Smokey ran the wire through in minutes. That one act directly advanced the war
9:20
That one act directly advanced the war
9:20
That one act directly advanced the war effort and protected human lives.
9:22
effort and protected human lives.
9:22
effort and protected human lives. >> And after the war, her service changed.
9:25
>> And after the war, her service changed.
9:25
>> And after the war, her service changed. She became one of the earliest recorded
9:27
She became one of the earliest recorded
9:27
She became one of the earliest recorded therapy dogs.
9:27
therapy dogs.
9:27
therapy dogs. >> She did. She visited wounded soldiers
9:30
>> She did. She visited wounded soldiers
9:30
>> She did. She visited wounded soldiers and hospitals, providing comfort and
9:32
and hospitals, providing comfort and
9:32
and hospitals, providing comfort and boosting morale. A full circle of
9:34
boosting morale. A full circle of
9:34
boosting morale. A full circle of service.
9:34
service.
9:34
service. >> She's honored with a memorial in
9:36
>> She's honored with a memorial in
9:36
>> She's honored with a memorial in Cleveland, Ohio.
9:37
Cleveland, Ohio.
9:37
Cleveland, Ohio. >> Yes. So what this all means is that
9:39
>> Yes. So what this all means is that
9:39
>> Yes. So what this all means is that these war dog stories really underscore
9:41
these war dog stories really underscore
9:41
these war dog stories really underscore the adaptability and the critical impact
9:43
the adaptability and the critical impact
9:43
the adaptability and the critical impact dogs had. They weren't just mascots.
9:45
dogs had. They weren't just mascots.
9:45
dogs had. They weren't just mascots. They were, you know, force multipliers.
9:47
They were, you know, force multipliers.
9:47
They were, you know, force multipliers. They solved problems, saved lives, and
9:49
They solved problems, saved lives, and
9:49
They solved problems, saved lives, and challenged our very definition of
9:51
challenged our very definition of
9:51
challenged our very definition of military service.
9:52
military service.
9:52
military service. >> So if the dogs of war were defined by
9:54
>> So if the dogs of war were defined by
9:54
>> So if the dogs of war were defined by courage under fire, this next group is
9:56
courage under fire, this next group is
9:56
courage under fire, this next group is all about epic endurance, working
9:59
all about epic endurance, working
9:59
all about epic endurance, working against nature, or in one case just
10:01
against nature, or in one case just
10:01
against nature, or in one case just against a finality of loss. We have to
10:03
against a finality of loss. We have to
10:03
against a finality of loss. We have to start with Balto. Balto's story is a
10:05
start with Balto. Balto's story is a
10:05
start with Balto. Balto's story is a testament to the sheer physical power
10:07
testament to the sheer physical power
10:07
testament to the sheer physical power and navigational skill of sled dogs. He
10:10
and navigational skill of sled dogs. He
10:10
and navigational skill of sled dogs. He was a Siberian husky, the lead dog on
10:13
was a Siberian husky, the lead dog on
10:13
was a Siberian husky, the lead dog on the final leg of the 1925 Great Race of
10:16
the final leg of the 1925 Great Race of
10:16
the final leg of the 1925 Great Race of Mercy.
10:17
Mercy.
10:17
Mercy. >> And let's add some context here for you.
10:19
>> And let's add some context here for you.
10:19
>> And let's add some context here for you. This Serum run involved 20 different
10:21
This Serum run involved 20 different
10:21
This Serum run involved 20 different sled dog teams covering 674 miles in
10:25
sled dog teams covering 674 miles in
10:25
sled dog teams covering 674 miles in just 6 days
10:26
just 6 days
10:26
just 6 days >> in temperatures that dropped to -50° F.
10:29
>> in temperatures that dropped to -50° F.
10:29
>> in temperatures that dropped to -50° F. Battling blizzards in the dark. Just an
10:31
Battling blizzards in the dark. Just an
10:32
Battling blizzards in the dark. Just an unbelievable journey to deliver
10:33
unbelievable journey to deliver
10:33
unbelievable journey to deliver life-saving dtheria serum to Gnome,
10:35
life-saving dtheria serum to Gnome,
10:36
life-saving dtheria serum to Gnome, Alaska.
10:36
Alaska.
10:36
Alaska. >> Balto with his musher, Gunnar Kaizen,
10:38
>> Balto with his musher, Gunnar Kaizen,
10:38
>> Balto with his musher, Gunnar Kaizen, ran that final 53 miles, and the
10:41
ran that final 53 miles, and the
10:41
ran that final 53 miles, and the blizzard was so intense that Kaizen
10:43
blizzard was so intense that Kaizen
10:43
blizzard was so intense that Kaizen couldn't see his own hand in front of
10:44
couldn't see his own hand in front of
10:44
couldn't see his own hand in front of his face.
10:45
his face.
10:45
his face. >> But Balto stayed on the trail.
10:46
>> But Balto stayed on the trail.
10:46
>> But Balto stayed on the trail. >> He stared on the trail and delivered the
10:48
>> He stared on the trail and delivered the
10:48
>> He stared on the trail and delivered the serum just as the stock in Gnome was
10:50
serum just as the stock in Gnome was
10:50
serum just as the stock in Gnome was about to run out.
10:51
about to run out.
10:51
about to run out. >> That determination,
10:52
>> That determination,
10:52
>> That determination, it saved countless lives. The sheer
10:54
it saved countless lives. The sheer
10:54
it saved countless lives. The sheer scale of that event made him famous
10:56
scale of that event made him famous
10:56
scale of that event made him famous overnight. and his legacy is just woven
10:58
overnight. and his legacy is just woven
10:58
overnight. and his legacy is just woven into Alaskan culture now. It inspired
11:00
into Alaskan culture now. It inspired
11:00
into Alaskan culture now. It inspired the annual Adidarod race and his
11:02
the annual Adidarod race and his
11:02
the annual Adidarod race and his monument, the one in New York City
11:04
monument, the one in New York City
11:04
monument, the one in New York City Central Park, is iconic.
11:05
Central Park, is iconic.
11:05
Central Park, is iconic. >> We noted this earlier, but the statue
11:07
>> We noted this earlier, but the statue
11:07
>> We noted this earlier, but the statue depicts him midstride, doesn't it? It
11:09
depicts him midstride, doesn't it? It
11:09
depicts him midstride, doesn't it? It captures that dynamic energy, that
11:11
captures that dynamic energy, that
11:11
captures that dynamic energy, that urgency.
11:11
urgency.
11:11
urgency. >> It's a powerful tangible link to a
11:14
>> It's a powerful tangible link to a
11:14
>> It's a powerful tangible link to a moment when K9 grit literally changed
11:16
moment when K9 grit literally changed
11:16
moment when K9 grit literally changed the course of medical history.
11:18
the course of medical history.
11:18
the course of medical history. >> Okay, so next we go back in time to the
11:20
>> Okay, so next we go back in time to the
11:20
>> Okay, so next we go back in time to the Swiss Alps in the 19th century for the
11:22
Swiss Alps in the 19th century for the
11:22
Swiss Alps in the 19th century for the story of Barry.
11:23
story of Barry.
11:23
story of Barry. >> Barry was St. Bernard. He worked at the
11:25
>> Barry was St. Bernard. He worked at the
11:26
>> Barry was St. Bernard. He worked at the great St. Bernard Pass Hospice in the
11:27
great St. Bernard Pass Hospice in the
11:27
great St. Bernard Pass Hospice in the early 1800s and that environment was
11:30
early 1800s and that environment was
11:30
early 1800s and that environment was just unforgiving. Avalanches, zero
11:34
just unforgiving. Avalanches, zero
11:34
just unforgiving. Avalanches, zero visibility, deep snow. This was alpine
11:37
visibility, deep snow. This was alpine
11:37
visibility, deep snow. This was alpine rescue work at its most raw.
11:39
rescue work at its most raw.
11:39
rescue work at its most raw. >> And he worked for a decade. In that
11:41
>> And he worked for a decade. In that
11:41
>> And he worked for a decade. In that time, he's credited with saving over 40
11:44
time, he's credited with saving over 40
11:44
time, he's credited with saving over 40 lives.
11:44
lives.
11:44
lives. >> Over 40 lives. Just think about that
11:46
>> Over 40 lives. Just think about that
11:46
>> Over 40 lives. Just think about that number for a moment. 40 people pulled
11:48
number for a moment. 40 people pulled
11:48
number for a moment. 40 people pulled from certain death in the mountains. The
11:50
from certain death in the mountains. The
11:50
from certain death in the mountains. The sources always highlight his most famous
11:52
sources always highlight his most famous
11:52
sources always highlight his most famous rescue, finding a young boy,
11:54
rescue, finding a young boy,
11:54
rescue, finding a young boy, hypothermic, and buried in the snow.
11:56
hypothermic, and buried in the snow.
11:56
hypothermic, and buried in the snow. >> He warmed the boy and then carried him
11:58
>> He warmed the boy and then carried him
11:58
>> He warmed the boy and then carried him to safety on his back. That one story
12:00
to safety on his back. That one story
12:00
to safety on his back. That one story just summarizes his unique blend of
12:02
just summarizes his unique blend of
12:02
just summarizes his unique blend of strength, instinct, and you could say,
12:04
strength, instinct, and you could say,
12:04
strength, instinct, and you could say, compassion.
12:05
compassion.
12:05
compassion. >> And his contributions were so undeniable
12:07
>> And his contributions were so undeniable
12:07
>> And his contributions were so undeniable that when he died, they decided to
12:08
that when he died, they decided to
12:08
that when he died, they decided to preserve his body.
12:09
preserve his body.
12:09
preserve his body. >> They did. He's on display at the Natural
12:11
>> They did. He's on display at the Natural
12:11
>> They did. He's on display at the Natural History Museum in Burn, Switzerland.
12:13
History Museum in Burn, Switzerland.
12:13
History Museum in Burn, Switzerland. There's also a monument to him near the
12:15
There's also a monument to him near the
12:15
There's also a monument to him near the hospice where he worked. that decision
12:17
hospice where he worked. that decision
12:17
hospice where he worked. that decision to physically preserve him. It's like
12:19
to physically preserve him. It's like
12:19
to physically preserve him. It's like with Stubby. It highlights this immense,
12:21
with Stubby. It highlights this immense,
12:21
with Stubby. It highlights this immense, almost sacred respect they had for his
12:23
almost sacred respect they had for his
12:23
almost sacred respect they had for his service.
12:23
service.
12:23
service. >> He wasn't just a dog. He was conserved
12:25
>> He wasn't just a dog. He was conserved
12:25
>> He wasn't just a dog. He was conserved like a historical artifact.
12:27
like a historical artifact.
12:27
like a historical artifact. >> And finally, we turn to the dog whose
12:29
>> And finally, we turn to the dog whose
12:29
>> And finally, we turn to the dog whose story is maybe the purest example of
12:32
story is maybe the purest example of
12:32
story is maybe the purest example of loyalty
12:33
loyalty
12:33
loyalty >> defined not by action but by stillness.
12:35
>> defined not by action but by stillness.
12:35
>> defined not by action but by stillness. Hiko
12:36
Hiko
12:36
Hiko >> Hiko was an Aikita from Japan. And his
12:38
>> Hiko was an Aikita from Japan. And his
12:38
>> Hiko was an Aikita from Japan. And his story is so simple in its premise but
12:40
story is so simple in its premise but
12:40
story is so simple in its premise but just utterly profound in its impact.
12:43
just utterly profound in its impact.
12:43
just utterly profound in its impact. After his owner, a professor named Ueno,
12:45
After his owner, a professor named Ueno,
12:45
After his owner, a professor named Ueno, died suddenly in 1925, Hachiko started
12:48
died suddenly in 1925, Hachiko started
12:48
died suddenly in 1925, Hachiko started waiting at Shabuya station in Tokyo for
12:50
waiting at Shabuya station in Tokyo for
12:50
waiting at Shabuya station in Tokyo for him to return from work.
12:51
him to return from work.
12:51
him to return from work. >> And he kept doing it
12:52
>> And he kept doing it
12:52
>> And he kept doing it >> day after day for nearly 10 years.
12:55
>> day after day for nearly 10 years.
12:55
>> day after day for nearly 10 years. >> Wow.
12:55
>> Wow.
12:56
>> Wow. >> His unwavering vigil at the station
12:57
>> His unwavering vigil at the station
12:58
>> His unwavering vigil at the station transformed him from just a grieving pet
12:59
transformed him from just a grieving pet
12:59
transformed him from just a grieving pet into a local fixture and then eventually
13:02
into a local fixture and then eventually
13:02
into a local fixture and then eventually a national icon.
13:03
a national icon.
13:04
a national icon. >> His story became a global touch point.
13:05
>> His story became a global touch point.
13:05
>> His story became a global touch point. It just transcends language and culture.
13:07
It just transcends language and culture.
13:07
It just transcends language and culture. And that's the core thing to unpack
13:09
And that's the core thing to unpack
13:09
And that's the core thing to unpack here. How does a simple passive act of
13:11
here. How does a simple passive act of
13:11
here. How does a simple passive act of waiting resonate with such staggering
13:13
waiting resonate with such staggering
13:14
waiting resonate with such staggering power all over the world?
13:15
power all over the world?
13:15
power all over the world? >> I think it connects to this universal
13:17
>> I think it connects to this universal
13:17
>> I think it connects to this universal human desire for perfect unconditional
13:20
human desire for perfect unconditional
13:20
human desire for perfect unconditional devotion. Hachiko's loyalty represents
13:23
devotion. Hachiko's loyalty represents
13:23
devotion. Hachiko's loyalty represents an ideal loving, a bond that truly
13:25
an ideal loving, a bond that truly
13:25
an ideal loving, a bond that truly doesn't end, not even with death. The
13:27
doesn't end, not even with death. The
13:27
doesn't end, not even with death. The statue of him at Shabuya station today
13:29
statue of him at Shabuya station today
13:29
statue of him at Shabuya station today is more than a memorial. It's a living
13:31
is more than a memorial. It's a living
13:32
is more than a memorial. It's a living symbol. It's a famous meeting spot,
13:34
symbol. It's a famous meeting spot,
13:34
symbol. It's a famous meeting spot, making his quiet fidelity part of the
13:35
making his quiet fidelity part of the
13:36
making his quiet fidelity part of the daily story of one of the world's
13:37
daily story of one of the world's
13:37
daily story of one of the world's busiest cities. We're shifting gears a
13:39
busiest cities. We're shifting gears a
13:39
busiest cities. We're shifting gears a bit now, moving from these grand
13:40
bit now, moving from these grand
13:40
bit now, moving from these grand expeditions and battlefield heroics to
13:43
expeditions and battlefield heroics to
13:43
expeditions and battlefield heroics to dogs whose fame came from either supreme
13:46
dogs whose fame came from either supreme
13:46
dogs whose fame came from either supreme personal fidelity or uh a much more
13:49
personal fidelity or uh a much more
13:49
personal fidelity or uh a much more controversial scientific sacrifice.
13:51
controversial scientific sacrifice.
13:51
controversial scientific sacrifice. >> Right. This really reveals the full
13:52
>> Right. This really reveals the full
13:52
>> Right. This really reveals the full spectrum of how dogs can impact our
13:54
spectrum of how dogs can impact our
13:54
spectrum of how dogs can impact our human stories.
13:55
human stories.
13:55
human stories. >> Let's start with Ray Frier's Bobby.
13:57
>> Let's start with Ray Frier's Bobby.
13:57
>> Let's start with Ray Frier's Bobby. Another classic story of loyalty
13:58
Another classic story of loyalty
13:58
Another classic story of loyalty centered on a grave site, this time in
14:00
centered on a grave site, this time in
14:00
centered on a grave site, this time in Scotland.
14:00
Scotland.
14:00
Scotland. >> Bobby was a sky terrier in Edinburgh.
14:03
>> Bobby was a sky terrier in Edinburgh.
14:03
>> Bobby was a sky terrier in Edinburgh. And after his owner died, he basically
14:04
And after his owner died, he basically
14:04
And after his owner died, he basically performed a vigil very similar to
14:06
performed a vigil very similar to
14:06
performed a vigil very similar to Hachigo's. He guarded his owner's grave
14:08
Hachigo's. He guarded his owner's grave
14:08
Hachigo's. He guarded his owner's grave at Grafry's Kirkyard for 14 years.
14:11
at Grafry's Kirkyard for 14 years.
14:11
at Grafry's Kirkyard for 14 years. >> 14 years until his own death in 1872.
14:15
>> 14 years until his own death in 1872.
14:15
>> 14 years until his own death in 1872. >> The community eventually took notice, of
14:17
>> The community eventually took notice, of
14:17
>> The community eventually took notice, of course. They provided him with food and
14:18
course. They provided him with food and
14:18
course. They provided him with food and shelter. His story became this powerful
14:21
shelter. His story became this powerful
14:21
shelter. His story became this powerful local legend, inspiring books and films.
14:24
local legend, inspiring books and films.
14:24
local legend, inspiring books and films. It's an example of how one dog's
14:26
It's an example of how one dog's
14:26
It's an example of how one dog's devotion can literally shape the
14:28
devotion can literally shape the
14:28
devotion can literally shape the cultural identity of a historic city.
14:30
cultural identity of a historic city.
14:30
cultural identity of a historic city. >> For sure, his statue is a major landmark
14:33
>> For sure, his statue is a major landmark
14:33
>> For sure, his statue is a major landmark near the Kirkyard. And moving across the
14:35
near the Kirkyard. And moving across the
14:35
near the Kirkyard. And moving across the Atlantic, we enter the halls of power
14:37
Atlantic, we enter the halls of power
14:37
Atlantic, we enter the halls of power with Fala, a dog whose companionship
14:39
with Fala, a dog whose companionship
14:39
with Fala, a dog whose companionship actually had political weight.
14:41
actually had political weight.
14:41
actually had political weight. >> Fowla was President Franklin D.
14:43
>> Fowla was President Franklin D.
14:43
>> Fowla was President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Scottish terrier. Now,
14:45
Roosevelt's Scottish terrier. Now,
14:45
Roosevelt's Scottish terrier. Now, unlike the working dogs we've been
14:47
unlike the working dogs we've been
14:47
unlike the working dogs we've been discussing, Fowla's role was purely
14:49
discussing, Fowla's role was purely
14:49
discussing, Fowla's role was purely companionship. Yet, his visibility made
14:51
companionship. Yet, his visibility made
14:51
companionship. Yet, his visibility made him a national icon during the 1930s and
14:53
him a national icon during the 1930s and
14:53
him a national icon during the 1930s and 40s.
14:54
40s.
14:54
40s. >> Absolutely. During a time of immense
14:56
>> Absolutely. During a time of immense
14:56
>> Absolutely. During a time of immense global conflict, a great depression,
14:58
global conflict, a great depression,
14:58
global conflict, a great depression, Fowl's constant presence humanized the
15:00
Fowl's constant presence humanized the
15:00
Fowl's constant presence humanized the presidency. He traveled with FDR. He
15:02
presidency. He traveled with FDR. He
15:02
presidency. He traveled with FDR. He attended meetings. He was even mentioned
15:04
attended meetings. He was even mentioned
15:04
attended meetings. He was even mentioned in speeches.
15:05
in speeches.
15:05
in speeches. >> He was the perfect non-controversial
15:07
>> He was the perfect non-controversial
15:07
>> He was the perfect non-controversial symbol of stability and loyalty in a
15:09
symbol of stability and loyalty in a
15:09
symbol of stability and loyalty in a really unstable world.
15:10
really unstable world.
15:10
really unstable world. >> He became so famous that he was even the
15:12
>> He became so famous that he was even the
15:12
>> He became so famous that he was even the subject of a political attack.
15:14
subject of a political attack.
15:14
subject of a political attack. >> The famous fall speech of 1944, right,
15:17
>> The famous fall speech of 1944, right,
15:17
>> The famous fall speech of 1944, right, where FDR mocked his opponents for
15:19
where FDR mocked his opponents for
15:19
where FDR mocked his opponents for suggesting the dog had been left behind
15:21
suggesting the dog had been left behind
15:21
suggesting the dog had been left behind on the Illutian Islands at taxpayers
15:23
on the Illutian Islands at taxpayers
15:23
on the Illutian Islands at taxpayers expense.
15:23
expense.
15:23
expense. >> One of the most celebrated political
15:25
>> One of the most celebrated political
15:25
>> One of the most celebrated political speeches in American history, all
15:27
speeches in American history, all
15:27
speeches in American history, all centered on a dog.
15:28
centered on a dog.
15:28
centered on a dog. >> That really cementss his historical
15:30
>> That really cementss his historical
15:30
>> That really cementss his historical importance. It shows his status wasn't
15:32
importance. It shows his status wasn't
15:32
importance. It shows his status wasn't just social, it was strategic.
15:33
just social, it was strategic.
15:33
just social, it was strategic. >> It was. And his legacy is tied directly
15:36
>> It was. And his legacy is tied directly
15:36
>> It was. And his legacy is tied directly to Roosevelt's. Fallow was buried near
15:39
to Roosevelt's. Fallow was buried near
15:39
to Roosevelt's. Fallow was buried near FDR. And crucially, a statue of Fallah
15:42
FDR. And crucially, a statue of Fallah
15:42
FDR. And crucially, a statue of Fallah stands alongside Roosevelt in the FDR
15:44
stands alongside Roosevelt in the FDR
15:44
stands alongside Roosevelt in the FDR memorial in Washington DC,
15:46
memorial in Washington DC,
15:46
memorial in Washington DC, >> which is a public acknowledgement of
15:47
>> which is a public acknowledgement of
15:47
>> which is a public acknowledgement of their bond on the national stage.
15:48
their bond on the national stage.
15:48
their bond on the national stage. >> Exactly.
15:49
>> Exactly.
15:49
>> Exactly. >> Finally, we get to what is maybe the
15:51
>> Finally, we get to what is maybe the
15:51
>> Finally, we get to what is maybe the most philosophically challenging tribute
15:53
most philosophically challenging tribute
15:53
most philosophically challenging tribute on our list. Leica, a story of ultimate
15:56
on our list. Leica, a story of ultimate
15:56
on our list. Leica, a story of ultimate involuntary sacrifice. Leica was a stray
15:59
involuntary sacrifice. Leica was a stray
15:59
involuntary sacrifice. Leica was a stray dog from Moscow and because of her calm
16:02
dog from Moscow and because of her calm
16:02
dog from Moscow and because of her calm demeanor and resilience, she was
16:03
demeanor and resilience, she was
16:03
demeanor and resilience, she was selected to become the first living
16:05
selected to become the first living
16:05
selected to become the first living creature to orbit the Earth
16:07
creature to orbit the Earth
16:07
creature to orbit the Earth >> in 1957 aboard Sputnik 2, a monumental
16:11
>> in 1957 aboard Sputnik 2, a monumental
16:11
>> in 1957 aboard Sputnik 2, a monumental leap for the Soviet space program.
16:12
leap for the Soviet space program.
16:12
leap for the Soviet space program. >> A huge technical success. But as our
16:15
>> A huge technical success. But as our
16:15
>> A huge technical success. But as our sources emphasize, the mission was
16:17
sources emphasize, the mission was
16:17
sources emphasize, the mission was tragically a one-way trip. The
16:19
tragically a one-way trip. The
16:19
tragically a one-way trip. The technology to bring her back safely just
16:21
technology to bring her back safely just
16:21
technology to bring her back safely just didn't exist yet.
16:22
didn't exist yet.
16:22
didn't exist yet. >> So her sacrifice was predetermined.
16:24
>> So her sacrifice was predetermined.
16:24
>> So her sacrifice was predetermined. >> It was. It paved the way for human space
16:26
>> It was. It paved the way for human space
16:26
>> It was. It paved the way for human space exploration, but the ethical weight of
16:28
exploration, but the ethical weight of
16:28
exploration, but the ethical weight of that decision has always lingered. She
16:31
that decision has always lingered. She
16:31
that decision has always lingered. She was a pioneer, but one whose
16:33
was a pioneer, but one whose
16:33
was a pioneer, but one whose contribution came at the ultimate cost.
16:34
contribution came at the ultimate cost.
16:34
contribution came at the ultimate cost. >> And the honor she received reflects this
16:36
>> And the honor she received reflects this
16:36
>> And the honor she received reflects this complexity. There's a statue of her at
16:39
complexity. There's a statue of her at
16:39
complexity. There's a statue of her at the Star City space facility in Russia.
16:41
the Star City space facility in Russia.
16:41
the Star City space facility in Russia. So, here's the insight we need. How does
16:43
So, here's the insight we need. How does
16:44
So, here's the insight we need. How does the definition of heroism shift when
16:46
the definition of heroism shift when
16:46
the definition of heroism shift when it's an involuntary sacrifice for
16:48
it's an involuntary sacrifice for
16:48
it's an involuntary sacrifice for abstract scientific progress versus say
16:51
abstract scientific progress versus say
16:51
abstract scientific progress versus say Barry actively saving 40 lives? The
16:54
Barry actively saving 40 lives? The
16:54
Barry actively saving 40 lives? The shift is dramatic. Her memorial forces
16:56
shift is dramatic. Her memorial forces
16:56
shift is dramatic. Her memorial forces us to confront the moral conflict at the
16:57
us to confront the moral conflict at the
16:57
us to confront the moral conflict at the heart of discovery. We honor her not for
17:00
heart of discovery. We honor her not for
17:00
heart of discovery. We honor her not for an act of choice, but for the inherent
17:01
an act of choice, but for the inherent
17:01
an act of choice, but for the inherent risk she represented that allowed us to
17:03
risk she represented that allowed us to
17:03
risk she represented that allowed us to test the boundaries of human capability.
17:05
test the boundaries of human capability.
17:05
test the boundaries of human capability. She symbolizes the heavy price of
17:07
She symbolizes the heavy price of
17:07
She symbolizes the heavy price of progress. Her memorial is almost a
17:09
progress. Her memorial is almost a
17:09
progress. Her memorial is almost a monument to scientific ambition itself.
17:11
monument to scientific ambition itself.
17:11
monument to scientific ambition itself. >> So the takeaway integrating all these
17:13
>> So the takeaway integrating all these
17:13
>> So the takeaway integrating all these stories is really clear. Behind almost
17:17
stories is really clear. Behind almost
17:17
stories is really clear. Behind almost every major human achievement from
17:19
every major human achievement from
17:19
every major human achievement from pioneering space to navigating global
17:21
pioneering space to navigating global
17:22
pioneering space to navigating global conflict, there are dogs. Their
17:24
conflict, there are dogs. Their
17:24
conflict, there are dogs. Their contributions, their sacrifices, they're
17:26
contributions, their sacrifices, they're
17:26
contributions, their sacrifices, they're all memorialized for us to see.
17:28
all memorialized for us to see.
17:28
all memorialized for us to see. >> We've established the who and the why.
17:31
>> We've established the who and the why.
17:31
>> We've established the who and the why. So, now let's turn to the how. It's one
17:34
So, now let's turn to the how. It's one
17:34
So, now let's turn to the how. It's one thing to celebrate a hero. It's another
17:36
thing to celebrate a hero. It's another
17:36
thing to celebrate a hero. It's another to immortalize them in a way that truly
17:38
to immortalize them in a way that truly
17:38
to immortalize them in a way that truly captures their essence.
17:39
captures their essence.
17:39
captures their essence. >> Right? This brings us to the actual art
17:41
>> Right? This brings us to the actual art
17:41
>> Right? This brings us to the actual art and the scope of these memorials
17:42
and the scope of these memorials
17:42
and the scope of these memorials >> because the artistry is a deliberate
17:44
>> because the artistry is a deliberate
17:44
>> because the artistry is a deliberate choice, isn't it? These aren't just
17:45
choice, isn't it? These aren't just
17:45
choice, isn't it? These aren't just records. They're narrative tools.
17:47
records. They're narrative tools.
17:47
records. They're narrative tools. >> Exactly. They're designed to freeze a
17:49
>> Exactly. They're designed to freeze a
17:49
>> Exactly. They're designed to freeze a moment of heroism or fidelity. The
17:52
moment of heroism or fidelity. The
17:52
moment of heroism or fidelity. The material, the posture, the location, it
17:55
material, the posture, the location, it
17:55
material, the posture, the location, it all contributes to the dog's lasting
17:57
all contributes to the dog's lasting
17:57
all contributes to the dog's lasting legacy.
17:57
legacy.
17:58
legacy. >> So, if we compare some of the great
17:59
>> So, if we compare some of the great
17:59
>> So, if we compare some of the great statues, the differences in style are
18:01
statues, the differences in style are
18:01
statues, the differences in style are really informative. You mentioned the
18:02
really informative. You mentioned the
18:02
really informative. You mentioned the Baltto statue in Central Park,
18:04
Baltto statue in Central Park,
18:04
Baltto statue in Central Park, >> right? The decision to show him
18:05
>> right? The decision to show him
18:05
>> right? The decision to show him mid-stride, muscles taught, that
18:07
mid-stride, muscles taught, that
18:07
mid-stride, muscles taught, that emphasizes a determination, movement,
18:10
emphasizes a determination, movement,
18:10
emphasizes a determination, movement, that life-saving urgency. But then you
18:12
that life-saving urgency. But then you
18:12
that life-saving urgency. But then you contrast that with the Hikico statue at
18:14
contrast that with the Hikico statue at
18:14
contrast that with the Hikico statue at Shabuya station. It's often shown in a
18:16
Shabuya station. It's often shown in a
18:16
Shabuya station. It's often shown in a static sitting posture waiting.
18:18
static sitting posture waiting.
18:18
static sitting posture waiting. >> And that static pose emphasizes
18:20
>> And that static pose emphasizes
18:20
>> And that static pose emphasizes patience, stoicism, and that unrelenting
18:22
patience, stoicism, and that unrelenting
18:22
patience, stoicism, and that unrelenting fidelity. It's a quiet emotional power,
18:26
fidelity. It's a quiet emotional power,
18:26
fidelity. It's a quiet emotional power, not physical force. The choice of bronze
18:29
not physical force. The choice of bronze
18:29
not physical force. The choice of bronze conveys permanence in stillness.
18:31
conveys permanence in stillness.
18:31
conveys permanence in stillness. >> These statues are lasting, tangible
18:34
>> These statues are lasting, tangible
18:34
>> These statues are lasting, tangible reminders. The materiality of bronze and
18:36
reminders. The materiality of bronze and
18:36
reminders. The materiality of bronze and stone means they withstand generations,
18:38
stone means they withstand generations,
18:38
stone means they withstand generations, providing a physical touchstone for
18:40
providing a physical touchstone for
18:40
providing a physical touchstone for history that, you know, digital records
18:43
history that, you know, digital records
18:43
history that, you know, digital records sometimes lack.
18:44
sometimes lack.
18:44
sometimes lack. >> But not all important tributes are these
18:46
>> But not all important tributes are these
18:46
>> But not all important tributes are these grand bronze statues. Memorialization
18:49
grand bronze statues. Memorialization
18:49
grand bronze statues. Memorialization takes many forms. You have the modest
18:51
takes many forms. You have the modest
18:51
takes many forms. You have the modest but locally vital plaques and markers.
18:53
but locally vital plaques and markers.
18:53
but locally vital plaques and markers. You see them in parks or community
18:55
You see them in parks or community
18:55
You see them in parks or community spaces.
18:55
spaces.
18:55
spaces. >> And those often honor dogs whose impact
18:57
>> And those often honor dogs whose impact
18:57
>> And those often honor dogs whose impact was much more local. A therapy dog at a
18:59
was much more local. A therapy dog at a
18:59
was much more local. A therapy dog at a hospital, a search and rescue animal who
19:01
hospital, a search and rescue animal who
19:01
hospital, a search and rescue animal who didn't get national fame. They
19:03
didn't get national fame. They
19:03
didn't get national fame. They acknowledge the dog's role in the health
19:04
acknowledge the dog's role in the health
19:04
acknowledge the dog's role in the health of that specific community.
19:06
of that specific community.
19:06
of that specific community. >> Then you have the concept of living
19:07
>> Then you have the concept of living
19:07
>> Then you have the concept of living memorials which I find beautiful
19:10
memorials which I find beautiful
19:10
memorials which I find beautiful >> tributes that are dynamic gardens, trees
19:12
>> tributes that are dynamic gardens, trees
19:12
>> tributes that are dynamic gardens, trees planted in memory, dedicated park
19:13
planted in memory, dedicated park
19:14
planted in memory, dedicated park benches.
19:14
benches.
19:14
benches. >> A living memorial offers a different
19:16
>> A living memorial offers a different
19:16
>> A living memorial offers a different kind of tribute. It gives you a
19:17
kind of tribute. It gives you a
19:17
kind of tribute. It gives you a peaceful, reflective space. It
19:19
peaceful, reflective space. It
19:19
peaceful, reflective space. It celebrates the life and joy dogs bring
19:21
celebrates the life and joy dogs bring
19:21
celebrates the life and joy dogs bring by connecting their memory to the cycle
19:23
by connecting their memory to the cycle
19:23
by connecting their memory to the cycle of nature.
19:23
of nature.
19:24
of nature. >> It's a softer, more continuous form of
19:26
>> It's a softer, more continuous form of
19:26
>> It's a softer, more continuous form of remembrance. Right now, let's revisit a
19:28
remembrance. Right now, let's revisit a
19:28
remembrance. Right now, let's revisit a few iconic international examples that
19:30
few iconic international examples that
19:30
few iconic international examples that show the diversity of these legacies.
19:32
show the diversity of these legacies.
19:32
show the diversity of these legacies. We've talked about Hatchiko. Let's look
19:34
We've talked about Hatchiko. Let's look
19:34
We've talked about Hatchiko. Let's look at a fascinating case where loyalty
19:36
at a fascinating case where loyalty
19:36
at a fascinating case where loyalty intersects with commerce, the RCA dog,
19:39
intersects with commerce, the RCA dog,
19:39
intersects with commerce, the RCA dog, Nipper.
19:40
Nipper.
19:40
Nipper. >> Nipper, the icon for HMV records. He's
19:43
>> Nipper, the icon for HMV records. He's
19:43
>> Nipper, the icon for HMV records. He's unique because he wasn't a hero in the
19:45
unique because he wasn't a hero in the
19:45
unique because he wasn't a hero in the traditional sense, but his image, that
19:48
traditional sense, but his image, that
19:48
traditional sense, but his image, that terrier listening so intently to a
19:50
terrier listening so intently to a
19:50
terrier listening so intently to a photograph, became this huge cultural
19:52
photograph, became this huge cultural
19:52
photograph, became this huge cultural phenomenon.
19:53
phenomenon.
19:53
phenomenon. >> The statue of him represents a different
19:54
>> The statue of him represents a different
19:54
>> The statue of him represents a different kind of legacy. It symbolizes loyalty
19:57
kind of legacy. It symbolizes loyalty
19:57
kind of legacy. It symbolizes loyalty not just to his owner but loyalty to
19:59
not just to his owner but loyalty to
19:59
not just to his owner but loyalty to sound to quality.
20:01
sound to quality.
20:01
sound to quality. >> The slogan his master's voice.
20:03
>> The slogan his master's voice.
20:03
>> The slogan his master's voice. >> It was one of the most successful
20:04
>> It was one of the most successful
20:04
>> It was one of the most successful advertising campaigns ever. The
20:06
advertising campaigns ever. The
20:06
advertising campaigns ever. The memorialization here is cultural. It
20:08
memorialization here is cultural. It
20:08
memorialization here is cultural. It permanently links the image of a dog
20:10
permanently links the image of a dog
20:10
permanently links the image of a dog with faithful attention and quality.
20:12
with faithful attention and quality.
20:12
with faithful attention and quality. >> That's a huge insight. The dog's image
20:14
>> That's a huge insight. The dog's image
20:14
>> That's a huge insight. The dog's image defines a relationship. The listener to
20:16
defines a relationship. The listener to
20:16
defines a relationship. The listener to the music making him this immortal
20:18
the music making him this immortal
20:18
the music making him this immortal corporate and cultural touchstone even
20:20
corporate and cultural touchstone even
20:20
corporate and cultural touchstone even without a heroic act. And finally, a
20:23
without a heroic act. And finally, a
20:23
without a heroic act. And finally, a powerful example of modern community
20:25
powerful example of modern community
20:25
powerful example of modern community heroism, Cholo in Medelan, Colombia.
20:28
heroism, Cholo in Medelan, Colombia.
20:28
heroism, Cholo in Medelan, Colombia. This is a statue of a pitbull, and he's
20:31
This is a statue of a pitbull, and he's
20:31
This is a statue of a pitbull, and he's celebrated for protecting a group of
20:33
celebrated for protecting a group of
20:33
celebrated for protecting a group of children in a park from an armed
20:35
children in a park from an armed
20:35
children in a park from an armed mugging.
20:35
mugging.
20:35
mugging. >> Pure local heroism. It shows how
20:37
>> Pure local heroism. It shows how
20:37
>> Pure local heroism. It shows how monuments are still being erected for
20:39
monuments are still being erected for
20:39
monuments are still being erected for these immediate communal acts of
20:41
these immediate communal acts of
20:41
these immediate communal acts of protection.
20:42
protection.
20:42
protection. >> Exactly. It illustrates how different
20:44
>> Exactly. It illustrates how different
20:44
>> Exactly. It illustrates how different cultures acknowledge dogs contributing
20:46
cultures acknowledge dogs contributing
20:46
cultures acknowledge dogs contributing to immediate social welfare. So these
20:48
to immediate social welfare. So these
20:48
to immediate social welfare. So these memorials from a bustling Tokyo train
20:50
memorials from a bustling Tokyo train
20:50
memorials from a bustling Tokyo train station to a quiet park in Melan all
20:53
station to a quiet park in Melan all
20:53
station to a quiet park in Melan all reflect that common human impulse to
20:55
reflect that common human impulse to
20:56
reflect that common human impulse to memorialize extraordinary service. But
20:58
memorialize extraordinary service. But
20:58
memorialize extraordinary service. But they define heroism based on the needs
21:00
they define heroism based on the needs
21:00
they define heroism based on the needs of their community.
21:01
of their community.
21:01
of their community. >> We've established that these memorials
21:03
>> We've established that these memorials
21:03
>> We've established that these memorials are deeply entrenched in history and
21:05
are deeply entrenched in history and
21:05
are deeply entrenched in history and culture. So now we have to pull back and
21:07
culture. So now we have to pull back and
21:07
culture. So now we have to pull back and ask the ultimate question. What is their
21:08
ask the ultimate question. What is their
21:08
ask the ultimate question. What is their lasting impact? Why do these tributes
21:10
lasting impact? Why do these tributes
21:10
lasting impact? Why do these tributes really matter in the 21st century?
21:12
really matter in the 21st century?
21:12
really matter in the 21st century? >> Well, they're powerful tools that go way
21:14
>> Well, they're powerful tools that go way
21:14
>> Well, they're powerful tools that go way beyond simple remembrance. They matter
21:16
beyond simple remembrance. They matter
21:16
beyond simple remembrance. They matter because they serve three crucial
21:18
because they serve three crucial
21:18
because they serve three crucial functions. First, they're vital for
21:20
functions. First, they're vital for
21:20
functions. First, they're vital for preserving history.
21:21
preserving history.
21:21
preserving history. >> Right? They ensure that these specific,
21:24
>> Right? They ensure that these specific,
21:24
>> Right? They ensure that these specific, often surprising stories, the details of
21:26
often surprising stories, the details of
21:26
often surprising stories, the details of the serum run, the specifics of gas
21:29
the serum run, the specifics of gas
21:29
the serum run, the specifics of gas warfare, they live on as educational
21:31
warfare, they live on as educational
21:31
warfare, they live on as educational tools for every new generation.
21:33
tools for every new generation.
21:33
tools for every new generation. >> Secondly, they're essential for
21:35
>> Secondly, they're essential for
21:35
>> Secondly, they're essential for celebrating the bond. These monuments
21:37
celebrating the bond. These monuments
21:37
celebrating the bond. These monuments are physical manifestations of the
21:39
are physical manifestations of the
21:39
are physical manifestations of the loyalty, the courage, and the love that
21:41
loyalty, the courage, and the love that
21:41
loyalty, the courage, and the love that define the human dog relationship. They
21:44
define the human dog relationship. They
21:44
define the human dog relationship. They ground that emotional connection in a
21:46
ground that emotional connection in a
21:46
ground that emotional connection in a tangible piece of history.
21:47
tangible piece of history.
21:47
tangible piece of history. >> And lastly, they're incredibly important
21:49
>> And lastly, they're incredibly important
21:49
>> And lastly, they're incredibly important for inspiring future generations. They
21:52
for inspiring future generations. They
21:52
for inspiring future generations. They encourage us to look at the dogs in our
21:53
encourage us to look at the dogs in our
21:54
encourage us to look at the dogs in our own lives, not just as pets, but as
21:56
own lives, not just as pets, but as
21:56
own lives, not just as pets, but as potential heroes and companions, and
21:58
potential heroes and companions, and
21:58
potential heroes and companions, and that reinforces the care we should give
22:00
that reinforces the care we should give
22:00
that reinforces the care we should give them.
22:00
them.
22:00
them. >> The enduring nature of bronze ensures
22:02
>> The enduring nature of bronze ensures
22:02
>> The enduring nature of bronze ensures these legacies persist. However, the
22:04
these legacies persist. However, the
22:04
these legacies persist. However, the ways we memorialize are changing rapidly
22:06
ways we memorialize are changing rapidly
22:06
ways we memorialize are changing rapidly with technology. The future of tributes
22:09
with technology. The future of tributes
22:09
with technology. The future of tributes is moving beyond physical materials.
22:11
is moving beyond physical materials.
22:11
is moving beyond physical materials. We're seeing a massive rise in digital
22:13
We're seeing a massive rise in digital
22:13
We're seeing a massive rise in digital memorials, online platforms, social
22:15
memorials, online platforms, social
22:15
memorials, online platforms, social media, digital archives.
22:17
media, digital archives.
22:17
media, digital archives. >> They all allow people to share stories
22:18
>> They all allow people to share stories
22:18
>> They all allow people to share stories and photos.
22:19
and photos.
22:19
and photos. >> And this represents a huge shift. It's a
22:21
>> And this represents a huge shift. It's a
22:21
>> And this represents a huge shift. It's a move from a singular permanent location
22:23
move from a singular permanent location
22:23
move from a singular permanent location to infinite accessibility. Digital
22:25
to infinite accessibility. Digital
22:25
to infinite accessibility. Digital platforms allow for a collective global
22:27
platforms allow for a collective global
22:27
platforms allow for a collective global remembrance that transcends physical
22:29
remembrance that transcends physical
22:29
remembrance that transcends physical boundaries.
22:30
boundaries.
22:30
boundaries. >> And beyond the digital, we're also
22:31
>> And beyond the digital, we're also
22:31
>> And beyond the digital, we're also seeing the rise of community
22:33
seeing the rise of community
22:33
seeing the rise of community initiatives, dedicating parks,
22:35
initiatives, dedicating parks,
22:35
initiatives, dedicating parks, organizing annual events.
22:36
organizing annual events.
22:36
organizing annual events. >> These initiatives operationalize the
22:38
>> These initiatives operationalize the
22:38
>> These initiatives operationalize the memorial. They turn remembrance into
22:40
memorial. They turn remembrance into
22:40
memorial. They turn remembrance into action and shared experience.
22:42
action and shared experience.
22:42
action and shared experience. >> And artists are still finding new ways
22:43
>> And artists are still finding new ways
22:43
>> And artists are still finding new ways to do it. Public murals, modern
22:45
to do it. Public murals, modern
22:45
to do it. Public murals, modern sculptures that capture the spirit of
22:47
sculptures that capture the spirit of
22:47
sculptures that capture the spirit of the dogs.
22:47
the dogs.
22:47
the dogs. >> The art continues to evolve to ensure
22:49
>> The art continues to evolve to ensure
22:49
>> The art continues to evolve to ensure that these legacies inspire us and
22:51
that these legacies inspire us and
22:51
that these legacies inspire us and compel us to re-evaluate our
22:53
compel us to re-evaluate our
22:53
compel us to re-evaluate our relationship with the species.
22:55
relationship with the species.
22:55
relationship with the species. >> So, after this incredible journey, what
22:57
>> So, after this incredible journey, what
22:57
>> So, after this incredible journey, what does it all mean? It seems like if you
22:59
does it all mean? It seems like if you
22:59
does it all mean? It seems like if you look closely at the greatest
23:00
look closely at the greatest
23:00
look closely at the greatest achievements and most enduring struggles
23:02
achievements and most enduring struggles
23:02
achievements and most enduring struggles in human history, you'll almost always
23:04
in human history, you'll almost always
23:04
in human history, you'll almost always find dogs. their contributions, their
23:07
find dogs. their contributions, their
23:07
find dogs. their contributions, their sacrifices, they're woven into the very
23:09
sacrifices, they're woven into the very
23:09
sacrifices, they're woven into the very fabric of our stories. These monuments
23:12
fabric of our stories. These monuments
23:12
fabric of our stories. These monuments in all their forms are society's lasting
23:15
in all their forms are society's lasting
23:15
in all their forms are society's lasting way of saying, "We honor the bond. We
23:17
way of saying, "We honor the bond. We
23:17
way of saying, "We honor the bond. We recognize the service, and we will not
23:19
recognize the service, and we will not
23:19
recognize the service, and we will not let these stories fade."
23:20
let these stories fade."
23:20
let these stories fade." >> So, we've journeyed through centuries
23:21
>> So, we've journeyed through centuries
23:21
>> So, we've journeyed through centuries and across continents, exploring the
23:23
and across continents, exploring the
23:23
and across continents, exploring the deep respect shown to dogs. We've
23:26
deep respect shown to dogs. We've
23:26
deep respect shown to dogs. We've covered the battlefield heroism of
23:28
covered the battlefield heroism of
23:28
covered the battlefield heroism of Sergeant Stubby and Chips, the epic
23:30
Sergeant Stubby and Chips, the epic
23:30
Sergeant Stubby and Chips, the epic rescues of Balto and Barry, the profound
23:32
rescues of Balto and Barry, the profound
23:32
rescues of Balto and Barry, the profound fidelity of Hachi and Gray Frier's
23:34
fidelity of Hachi and Gray Frier's
23:34
fidelity of Hachi and Gray Frier's Bobby, the political weight of Fala, and
23:37
Bobby, the political weight of Fala, and
23:37
Bobby, the political weight of Fala, and the ultimate sacrifice made by Leica.
23:39
the ultimate sacrifice made by Leica.
23:40
the ultimate sacrifice made by Leica. >> And you, the listener, now have this
23:42
>> And you, the listener, now have this
23:42
>> And you, the listener, now have this comprehensive synthesized understanding
23:44
comprehensive synthesized understanding
23:44
comprehensive synthesized understanding of the staggering variety of roles these
23:47
of the staggering variety of roles these
23:47
of the staggering variety of roles these dogs played, and more importantly, why
23:49
dogs played, and more importantly, why
23:49
dogs played, and more importantly, why their legacies are cemented globally in
23:51
their legacies are cemented globally in
23:51
their legacies are cemented globally in art and story. They aren't just pets.
23:54
art and story. They aren't just pets.
23:54
art and story. They aren't just pets. They're genuine historical figures.
23:56
They're genuine historical figures.
23:56
They're genuine historical figures. >> And these enduring symbols will continue
23:58
>> And these enduring symbols will continue
23:58
>> And these enduring symbols will continue to ensure that their legacies persist.
24:00
to ensure that their legacies persist.
24:00
to ensure that their legacies persist. But here's a final thought. Given the
24:02
But here's a final thought. Given the
24:02
But here's a final thought. Given the rise of digital memorials and the modern
24:04
rise of digital memorials and the modern
24:04
rise of digital memorials and the modern reality of dog cloning, where a hero's
24:06
reality of dog cloning, where a hero's
24:06
reality of dog cloning, where a hero's physical form or memory can
24:08
physical form or memory can
24:08
physical form or memory can theoretically be perfectly preserved or
24:10
theoretically be perfectly preserved or
24:10
theoretically be perfectly preserved or reproduced, we have to ask a question.
24:12
reproduced, we have to ask a question.
24:12
reproduced, we have to ask a question. Will future generations value the
24:14
Will future generations value the
24:14
Will future generations value the singular, physical, commemorative statue
24:16
singular, physical, commemorative statue
24:16
singular, physical, commemorative statue of a dog hero more or less than the
24:18
of a dog hero more or less than the
24:18
of a dog hero more or less than the perfectly preserved, cloned, or
24:20
perfectly preserved, cloned, or
24:20
perfectly preserved, cloned, or digitally remembered version? What truly
24:22
digitally remembered version? What truly
24:22
digitally remembered version? What truly constitutes immortalization when biology
24:24
constitutes immortalization when biology
24:24
constitutes immortalization when biology and geography are no longer limits?