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From partially-drawn presidential portraits to an entire castle that was never completed, this episode of The List Show is all about interesting projects that never quite came to be. You'll learn about the man who tried to give new meaning to the term "ghostwriting" and find out what happened to the Cincinnati subway.
Erin (@erincmccarthy) shares tales of unfinished novels, buildings, and more. Some projects still have hope of being completed, while others have been lost forever.
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13 Unbelievable Unfinished Projects | Mental Floss
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0:00
Did you know that the portrait used for George Washington's likeness on the $1 bill comes
0:04
from an unfinished painting? Hi, I'm Erin McCarthy, editor-in-chief of Mentalfloss.com, and welcome to the List Show from my living room
0:10
The Athenaeum portrait, as it's known, was painted by Gilbert Stuart in 1796. It was
0:14
commissioned by Martha Washington, who had requested a portrait of herself as well. Stuart
0:19
painted the faces of both of his subjects and a bit of the shoulders and brown background for George, but that's about where he stopped. The paintings were never delivered. Stuart
0:26
Stewart had reportedly kept the unfinished Washington portrait for himself, and used
0:30
it to recreate at least 75 replicas of the painting, which he sold for $100 each
0:35
Upon Stewart's death, the Athenaeum portrait was passed down to his daughter, and was eventually
0:39
bought and given to the Boston Athenaeum, hence the name it's now known by
0:43
Years later, this depiction of Washington was chosen for the engraving of the $1 bill
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The image was flipped, but otherwise, it's the same George that Gilbert Stewart painted 200 years ago, stopped partway through, and then kept for himself for profit
0:54
Hey, gotta respect the hustle, I guess. And Stuart's Washington Portrait is just the first of many interesting and oftentimes tragic unfinished projects that I'm going to share with you today
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The Unfinished Portrait is another famous painting of a president that was, well, unfinished
1:16
It was by Elizabeth Shumatoff, and she started working on it around noon on April 12, 1945
1:21
The subject? Franklin D. Roosevelt. As he was being served lunch, the president reportedly complained of a pain in the back
1:26
of his head. At 3.35 p.m. that day, he was pronounced dead by his doctor from a cerebral
1:31
hemorrhage. Schumatoff did later make a new portrait of the president, but the original
1:35
unfinished one remains a partial snapshot of Roosevelt just moments before his passing
1:40
It currently hangs at FDR's one-time retreat, the Little White House in Georgia. The Canterbury Tales is considered Geoffrey Chaucer's magnum opus
1:47
and one of the most influential pieces of English-language literature. Chaucer, however
1:51
never got around to finishing it. The story begins at the Tabard Inn with 30 travelers
1:54
about to embark on a pilgrimage. The innkeeper proposes a storytelling contest that requires
1:59
each pilgrim to tell two tales on the way up and two on the way back. Quick math, that
2:03
should give us 120 tales by the end of the story, which would hypothetically end with
2:06
the winner of the contest being crowned. If you've read the Canterbury Tales, you know there aren't nearly that many. There's only 24 stories, and it doesn't have a proper
2:13
ending. Chaucer is thought to have been working on the manuscript for over a decade, up until
2:17
his death in 1400. The tales were distributed posthumously, but most scholars believe he
2:22
never had a chance to properly conclude them. Some blame Chaucer's business life. At various
2:26
times he worked at the Port of London, moved to Kent to be a Justice of the Peace, later
2:30
became a Member of Parliament, and then shuttled back to London as Clerk of the King's works
2:34
Moonlighting as a seminal literary figure seems like an exhausting hobby. While some, like Professor Michaela Pash-Gruden, have argued that the Canterbury Tales were
2:42
a deliberate attempt to challenge classic narrative structure by not having a proper
2:45
ending, it seems the general consensus is that Chaucer just couldn't finish all 120
2:50
stories before his death. Many other famous authors have left behind incomplete works. Jane Austen's final novel
2:56
was a book that we now call Sanditon, but she stopped work on it in March 1817, just
3:00
a few months before her death. She completed 11 chapters of the novel, which takes place
3:04
in the seaside town of Sanditon, which most believe is based on Worthing, England. Over
3:08
a century later the book was published as is though it was far from complete And because Because of Austen legacy it been the subject of multiple continuations where an author attempts to complete the novel within Austen presumed vision and style
3:21
A completion of Sanditon, a return to Sanditon, and Jane Austen's Sanditon, a continuation
3:26
are just a few examples of attempts to finish what the famed author left behind. There's
3:30
even a television series that first aired in 2019 called Sanditon. Charles Dickens' final novel met a very similar fate. He completed just half of the
3:38
the 12 planned installments of The Mystery of Edwin Drood, leaving the whodunit unsolved
3:42
for generations of readers. What happened to Edwin Drood? Was it the butler? It's always
3:47
the butler. Even if there's not actually a butler in the story. Just like with Sanditon, The Mystery of Edwin Drood has been the subject of many continuations
3:55
including one by a man named Thomas P. James who claimed to have literally ghostwritten
3:59
the novel. As in, Dickens' spirit was channeled through him and he finished the novel like
4:04
some kind of literary prophet. Some, including Arthur Conan Doyle, the author and creator
4:08
of Sherlock Holmes, praised this version. Others, like scholar Jay Cumming Walters, said
4:13
that the work was quote, self-condemned by its futility, illiteracy, and hideous American
4:18
mannerisms. The mystery itself becomes a nightmare, and the solution only deepens the obscurity
4:24
Even Doyle eventually debunked the ghostly Dickens authorship, though his methods were
4:28
a bit suspect. He wrote in The Edge of the Unknown that, at a seance, he asked Dickens
4:33
Was that American who finished Edwin Drood inspired? To which Dickens' spirit responded
4:37
not by me. Ghostburn. Fun fact. Shortly before Edwin Drood was beginning publication, Dickens sent an installment to
4:44
Queen Victoria and commented that, if Her Majesty should ever be sufficiently interested in
4:48
the tale to desire to know a little more of it in advance of her subjects, he'd be very
4:52
pleased to help. Sadly, Victoria never seems to have taken him up on the offer
4:56
One of cinema's great boondoggles was Alejandro Jodorowsky's planned adaptation of Dune
5:01
Frank Herbert's 1965 sci-fi novel. Jodorowsky began production for his film in 1975. Obviously
5:07
the film was never made, but the stories about it are the stuff of Hollywood legend. It was
5:11
supposed to be more than ten hours long. Jodorowsky's storyboards were made up of over 3,000 individual
5:17
drawings. The would-be cast included Mick Jagger as Faye Rautha, Salvador Dali as Shaddam
5:21
IV, and Geraldine Chaplin as Lady Jessica. Orson Welles was slated to play the
5:28
villain, Baron Harkonnen, a commitment Jodorowsky was only able to secure, reportedly by promising
5:33
Wells that his favorite chef would make him food on set every day. Dali also allegedly demanded $100,000 per hour for his work, which Jodorowsky agreed
5:42
to, with the plan to only film with the famed surrealist for one hour. A mechanical mannequin
5:47
would have been used for the rest of the production. The soundtrack? Provided by Pink Floyd, of course
5:52
Even after millions of dollars were spent pre-producing the movie with elaborate costumes
5:56
and set pieces already made, the film was scrapped. Dune was eventually made into a film in 1984. That version was directed by surrealist David
6:04
Lynch, while a new adaptation starring Timothée Chalamet is scheduled to come out in 2021
6:09
But it's not just artists that don't finish their work. The Cincinnati subway is an abandoned
6:13
city project underneath the streets of the Ohio metropolis. Construction began in the
6:17
early 20th century in an attempt to upgrade the city's public transportation system, which
6:21
at the time relied on their above streetcar system A few miles of tunnels were dug out and built but unfortunately the cost of the project proved too great Six million dollars was allocated to the project but post War I inflation increased the cost of production
6:33
well past that budget. By the end of the 1920s, the project was effectively abandoned
6:37
A few people did have ideas on what the tunnels could be used for. Meyers Wine Cellars Inc. wanted to use it for wine storage and production
6:43
but that didn't pan out. In the 1970s, George Clooney's father, Nick Clooney
6:47
wanted to turn part of it into an underground mall and nightclub, but that fever dream of
6:52
an idea never came to fruition either. Today, the tunnels are used partially to carry the city's water main and optical fiber
6:58
cables, and they're a frequent destination for urban explorers, though those latter expeditions
7:02
are generally illegal. Another incomplete structure is the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City. The
7:08
church is a landmark in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan. Its construction
7:12
began in 1892, and its original design was in the Byzantine Revival and Romanesque Revival
7:16
styles. But about 15 years into the construction, the architect died, and the cathedral's design
7:21
eventually moved in a gothic revival direction. The nave wasn't completed until 1941, after
7:26
various funding issues, and construction has been intermittent since then. A large fire
7:31
damaged the cathedral in 2001, and it was reopened in 2008. Today it's estimated that
7:35
the church is only two-thirds complete, according to the original plan. It's still missing
7:39
its spires, the poor thing. Despite being unfinished, it is still one of the biggest
7:43
and most impressive standing cathedrals. Its floor covers 121,000 square feet and its roof
7:48
reaches 177 feet into the air, making it the sixth largest church in the world. It not only serves as
7:54
an episcopal church, but is also home to various cultural events and art showings
7:58
Barcelona's breathtaking Basilica de la Sagrada Familia is another famously unfinished church
8:03
The cornerstone was laid well over a century ago, but construction isn't expected to be completed
8:07
until 2026. The National Monument of Scotland has been referred to by locals as a national disgrace
8:13
The monument was supposed to be a recreation of the Parthenon in Greece. As you can see
8:18
it never quite got there. The foundation stone was laid in 1822, and by 1829 just 12 columns
8:24
had been put up. Nearly 200 years later, that's still the most complete this monument has ever
8:29
been. It was meant to commemorate Scots who died in the Napoleonic Wars, but the organizers only
8:33
received about half of the funding needed. In the years since, various proposals have been made to
8:37
reinvent the monument, such as turning it into a monument for Queen Victoria or transforming
8:42
it into the Scottish National Gallery. None of those plans took, either, and Scotland's
8:46
folly, as it's sometimes known, still stands as an unfinished relic. Reactor No. 4 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is one of the most infamous structures
8:55
in recent history. There, in the early hours of April 26, 1986, disaster struck, causing
9:00
lasting damage for generations. But did you know that at the time of the Chernobyl disaster
9:05
were two other reactors being built? The new reactors were to be built about one kilometer
9:09
away from the old site. Reportedly, the 286 construction workers at reactors five and six
9:15
continued to work through the night of the disaster. It wasn't until the following morning
9:19
that construction was officially halted. Only a few months later, construction resumed
9:23
until it was halted again in April 1987. In 1989, the Soviet Council of Ministers made
9:28
the official decision to abandon the construction of both reactors. The fifth reactor was 70
9:32
incomplete at the time and is now an eerie piece of incomplete history If we weren in the middle of a pandemic there a good chance I would be at a karaoke bar this weekend singing my lungs out And while I personally would stick to one of my go like Bonnie Rae Something to Talk About or Celine Dion It All
9:47
Coming Back to Me Now, I'm almost positive that I would hear someone's slightly off-key
9:51
rendition of The Who's Behind Blue Eyes by the end of the night. Or, God forbid, the
9:56
Limp Bizkit version. But did you know that the song was originally written as part of
9:59
an unfinished sci-fi rock opera? Yeah, you heard that right. If you're a fan of the English
10:04
rock band The Who, you've likely heard of Lifehouse. It was supposed to be the follow-up
10:08
to the 1969 album Tommy, but it never quite came to be. Lifehouse was intended to be a
10:13
multimedia project that included an album, a sci-fi film, and an experimental live concert
10:18
experience that involved music based on individual audience members. All pieces of the project
10:22
were based on a futuristic story that Townsend had conceived and ideas inspired by the Indian
10:27
spiritual master Meher Baba. Townsend described the plot as, quote, a fantasy set at a time
10:32
when rock n' roll didn't exist. The enemies were people who gave us entertainment intravenously
10:37
and the heroes were savages who'd kept rock n' roll as a primitive force and had gone to live with it in the woods. The story was about these two sides coming together and
10:45
having a brief battle. The idea never came to fruition, and The Who instead released Who's Next in 1971, which
10:51
would go on to become known to many as their greatest album. A radio play was produced
10:55
based on Townsend's original concept, which was released on BBC in 1999. In 2007, Townsend
11:01
released a website called The Lifehouse Method, which was able to, in a way, bring part of
11:05
his futuristic concert to life. The Lifehouse Method would have users sit down for a musical
11:10
portrait that would be composed by a program based on information they entered about themselves
11:14
Over the course of 15 months, the site generated around 10,500 portraits before it was closed
11:19
An album was later released of music based on songs created by The Lifehouse Method
11:23
It was also reported that a graphic novel would be released based on the Lifehouse story
11:27
The release date has yet to be announced, and its eventual publication seems far from certain
11:32
Let's end the episode with a love story. The story of Bolt Castle
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Fair warning, it's a bit tragic. On Heart Island, which is located in the St. Lawrence River in New York, there lies a castle
11:41
Its construction began at the turn of the 20th century by millionaire George Bolt
11:45
Bolt was a hospitality mogul of sorts, running multiple luxury hotels. Around 1900 he began an ambitious project, to construct a huge, six-story estate on a
11:54
private island. It was meant to be a gift to his wife Louise, a monument to his love for her
11:59
He hired hundreds of workers to build the castle, which had 120 rooms, a drawbridge
12:04
its own tunnel system, and a polo pitch. Talk about a great present. In early 1904, Bolt telegraphed the island with an order to stop all construction
12:12
Louise had suddenly passed away. Bolt abandoned the castle and reportedly never stepped foot on the island again
12:17
For 73 years, the structure stood incomplete, an unfinished love letter to a lost lover
12:22
Don't worry, there's sort of a happy ending. In 1977, the Thousand Islands Bridge Authority purchased the island, and the nearby Bolt Yacht
12:29
House, with the promise that all revenue gained from the castle would be put toward renovation
12:33
and upkeep of the castle for future generations. Today you can visit Heart Island by ferry and explore the castle
12:38
Make sure to check out the bowling alley in the basement and the epic stained glass ceiling
12:42
I think Louise and George would both be quite happy with how it turned out
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