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World War One the final nail in the
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ottoman Empire's coffin
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World War One represents a watershed
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moment in the history of the Ottoman
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Empire delivering the final blow to an
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already crumbling polity the Empire's
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decision to side with the Central Powers
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Germany and Austria-Hungary proved
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disastrous as it led not only to
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military defeat but also to territorial
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disintegration foreign occupation and
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ultimately its dissolution
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the subsequent treaties especially the
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Treaty of Sev formalized its partition
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among the Allied Powers creating a
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vastly reduced state that would
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eventually evolve into modern turkey
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1. a risky Alliance the Ottomans and the
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when the war broke out in 1914 the
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Ottoman Empire was already grappling
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with internal strife and external
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threats a depleted treasury multiple
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fronts of unrest and an outdated
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military made it a vulnerable player on
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the global stage its decision to align
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with the Central Powers was fueled by
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several considerations one was the
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enmity with Russia a member of the
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Allied Powers which had been a long time
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adversary and posed a direct threat to
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ottoman territorial Integrity another
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reason was the promise of German
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military assistance which the Ottomans
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2. the military front a landscape of
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the ottoman military faced multiple
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fronts during World War One the
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Gallipoli campaign while not a defeat
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consumed enormous resources and led to
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heavy casualties the front in
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Mesopotamia ended in disaster with the
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surrender of the Ottoman sixth Army at
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Kut alimara in Palestine and Syria the
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Empire faced off against British and
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Arab forces which culminated in the loss
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of Jerusalem and eventually Damascus
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the Caucasus front against Russia also
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proved difficult although the Russian
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Revolution of 1917 eased pressures
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temporarily overall the war drained the
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Empire's military and Financial
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Resources leading to famine epidemics
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and immense civilian suffering
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3. the Arab revolt and the question of
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loyalty World War One also accelerated
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the erosion of the Empire's internal
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the Arab Revolt of 1916 aided by the
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British highlighted the growing
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nationalism among Arabs and the
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declining legitimacy of Ottoman rule as
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Arab forces worked in conjunction with
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the Allies it became clear that the
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empire was struggling to maintain
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Allegiance even within its core
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4. the Armistice of mudros and foreign
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occupation in October 1918 the Ottoman
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Empire signed the Armistice of mudros
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effectively ending its participation in
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this led to Allied occupation of key
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cities including Istanbul and Smyrna
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Izmir severely undermining the Empire's
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sovereignty the occupation provoked
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nationalist sentiments among the Turkish
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population leading to resistance
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movements against both Ottoman and
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foreign rulers 5. the Treaty of Severus
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dismemberment and humiliation
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in 1920 the Treaty of sever was signed
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marking the official partitioning of the
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Ottoman Empire the treaty granted large
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portions of Anatolia to Greece
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established French and British mandates
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in the Middle East and promised a
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Homeland for the Armenians and Kurds the
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empire was reduced to a rump State
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essentially subject to foreign control
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6. the rise of Turkish nationalism and
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the establishment of modern turkey
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the harsh terms of the Treaty of several
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led to widespread resentment and fueled
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the rise of Turkish nationalism
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spearheaded by Mustafa Kamal Ataturk a
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series of military campaigns against
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both occupying Allied Forces and rival
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nationalist groups eventually led to the
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Nullification of the Treaty of sevra and
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the signing of the Treaty of lausanne in
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this treaty recognized the sovereignty
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of a new turkish-centric state
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effectively marking the end of the
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conclusion World War one was the
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culmination of a long process of decline
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for the Ottoman Empire its involvement
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in the war exacerbated internal fissures
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and left it vulnerable to foreign
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occupation and partitioning the Empire's
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military defeats coupled with political
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misjudgments led to its dismemberment by
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however the legacy of World War One also
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laid the groundwork for the
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establishment of modern turkey as the
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crisis catalyzed a nationalist movement
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committed to State Building and
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thus while World War one may have been
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the final nail in the coffin for the
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Ottoman Empire it also served as a
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catalyst for the birth of a new
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nation-state emerging from the Empire's
