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It looks like the cleanest idea on
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Earth. Take 2 billion tons of garbage,
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pour it into a hole that is already on
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fire. Watch the problem disappear. That
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is the fantasy. Here is the part the
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fantasy skips. The world made about 2.6
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billion tons of municipal trash in a
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recent World Bank count. That is only
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household and city waste. Not mines, not
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factories, not farms. 2.6 billion tons a
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year, climbing toward 4 billion by
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mid-century. You do not have a magic pit
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that large. You have a few bowls of
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lava, and they are already busy being
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volcanoes. First problem, almost no
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volcano is an open trash can. There are
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roughly 1,500 potentially active
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volcanoes on land. Most of them are
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plugged. Magma sits under rock. The
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crater is a lid, not a lake. Persistent
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lava lakes, the kind you picture when
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you say dump it in, number in the single
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digits on any given year. Kilauea, Erta
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Ale, Nyiragongo when it is behaving,
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Erebus at the bottom of the world. A
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couple more that come and go. That is
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the entire menu. Hawaii is not taking
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New York's week. Congo is not taking
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China's year. Second problem, getting
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there. Most people do not live next to a
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lava lake. Landfills sit tens of miles
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from a city. The nearest useful volcano
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sits hundreds or thousands. Every extra
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mile is diesel. You would burn more
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carbon moving the trash than you save by
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not burying it. The hole is free. The
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road is not. Third problem, lava is hot.
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It is not a furnace with a filter.
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Basaltic lava runs around 2,000° F. That
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will torch food and paper and a lot of
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plastic. It will not reliably eat steel.
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It will not politely dissolve a
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refrigerator. Glass softens. Batteries
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pop. Electronics cough out metals that
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do not belong in air. The trash does not
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vanish. Part of it becomes smoke. Part
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of it floats on a crust denser than you
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think. Part of it waits to come back out
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the next time the mountain breathes.
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Fourth problem, water. Your garbage is
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wet. Food, diapers, last night's coffee.
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Hit lava with that, and the water
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flashes to steam. Steam wants about
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1,700 times the space the water took.
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The crust cracks. The lake spatters.
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Rock falls into Hawaiian lava lakes have
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thrown molten rock 280 ft in the air.
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Researchers once tossed a 30 kg bag into
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an Ethiopian volcano and got an
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explosion for their trouble. Scale that
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to a city's Tuesday, and you are not
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running a dump. You are feeding a geyser
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of burning garbage and liquid stone.
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Fifth problem, the air. Volcanoes
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already vent sulfur dioxide, carbon
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dioxide, hydrogen chloride. People who
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live downwind already know vog, the
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volcanic fog that burns lungs and paints
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the plants. Now add uncontrolled burning
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of mixed waste. Polyvinyl chloride
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becomes hydrochloric acid. Some plastics
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Heavy metals ride the plume. A real
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incinerator has scrubbers. A crater does
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not. You have just turned a mountain
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into the world's worst smoke stack, and
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the stack has no permit and no off
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switch. Sixth problem, the mountain
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keeps what you give it only until it
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does not. Lava lakes are not infinite.
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They have a volume. They have an outlet.
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What is not burned becomes cargo. The
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next fountain, the next overflow, the
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next collapse throws that cargo onto the
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slope. You wanted the trash gone. You
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moved it into the sky and onto the land
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around a sacred, unstable hole. There is
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a smaller version of this idea that
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already exists. Waste-to-energy plants.
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High heat, filters, ash that gets
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handled on purpose. They are expensive
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and they are not perfect. They are also
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not a surprise eruption in a national
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park. So, what actually happens if we
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try it anyway? Week one, a few barges
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reach a lake. The first loads punch the
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crust and the cameras love it. Week two,
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the plume changes color and the town
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downwind files a complaint that no
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office can answer. Month two, the useful
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lakes are rimmed with half-melted metal
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and the insurance market for crater edge
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labor ceases to exist. Year one, we have
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spent the landfill budget on ships and
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produced a new kind of fallout. The
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trash is still with us. It just learned
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to fly. The hole was never a solution.
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It was a picture. Pictures do not take