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IELTS Vocabulary The Future of Public Transportation
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0:05
you are now listening to the I podcast
0:08
learn from tutors and ex- examiners who
0:10
are masters of eye outs preparation your
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host Ben
0:15
[Music]
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Worthington hello there I students in
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this tutorial we are covering some I
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vocabulary related to public
0:28
transportation we're going to be in a
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grammar Point um mainly linking words
0:34
which are incredibly useful or sometimes
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commonly C called connectors and they're
0:41
incredibly useful because they tie your
0:44
essay together now a lot of students
0:47
will just stick these in their essays
0:49
and then believe that's going to boost
0:51
their coherence and cohesion score um
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this was so common when I started out
0:57
teaching I think nowadays it's Chang a
1:00
little
1:01
bit um and everyone's getting wiser as
1:04
to how we use these um basically they
1:07
Tire essay together but I'll be giving
1:09
you some uh model sentences using these
1:13
uh we're going to look at the pros and
1:15
cons of public transportation in
1:18
Innovations and initiatives this will be
1:21
great if you're a student who struggles
1:24
with ideas getting ideas for your essay
1:27
then we're going to look at some topic
1:29
specific colle ation actually probably
1:32
look at those before it makes more sense
1:34
to look at them before um and we'll
1:36
stick them into the model sentences and
1:38
then we're going to look at some
1:40
speaking part three questions and very
1:44
model answers that doesn't make much
1:45
sense very model answers but what I'm
1:47
saying is that they are higher level
1:51
answers practically band nine I
1:54
doubt anybody but a transport expert
1:57
would be able to give answers of this
1:59
quality
2:00
um so don't worry if you're not even
2:03
close uh these just serve as kind of
2:06
like a model for you to follow and
2:10
throughout the whole tutorial I will be
2:12
giving little side notes and advice and
2:15
just practical knowledge to help you
2:18
move forward and attain that seven band
2:21
78 or9 that most of the listeners most
2:25
of you guys will probably be aiming
2:28
for my name is Ben Worthington I'm from
2:31
the UK um I came back after 20 years
2:37
abroad and sometimes people say I don't
2:40
sound so English it's probably less so
2:43
nowadays since I'm back in England
2:46
speaking with native English speakers
2:48
but it used to happen a lot and I'm
2:51
mentioning this because I've been abroad
2:55
and I've learned a foreign language so I
2:57
know the struggle and I know how to
2:59
acquire a foreign language and I'm
3:01
learning uh my second foreign language
3:03
at the moment and yeah I think I mean
3:08
from my personal experience it's always
3:11
better if you've you know if you're if
3:14
you're learning from someone who knows
3:16
the struggle who who knows what it's
3:18
like um and yeah after 12 years of
3:22
teaching I students I'm pretty confident
3:25
I can say I know the
3:28
struggle let's jump oh one last thing
3:30
this tutorial is completely free I'm not
3:34
charging you for it and all I ask in
3:37
return is if you found some value from
3:40
it if you found it useful if you found
3:43
it practical then if you could share it
3:45
with your friends post it with uh post
3:47
it on social media whatever I'd be
3:50
incredibly grateful it just helps us uh
3:53
help more people so let's just zoom out
3:58
to get started with so we're going to be
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talking about public
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transportation and specifically
4:05
Innovations and
4:07
initiatives um so what is public
4:10
transportation well it's usually the
4:13
buses the trains the
4:16
underground all of these facilities
4:19
usually provided by the government
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unless you're in the UK where the
4:25
government sold practically all of them
4:27
off and now they are a national
4:31
embarrassment just joking um I think the
4:34
UK government sold like 90% of it except
4:37
for London London's underground is still
4:40
publicly owned it's a public company um
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but all the rest was just sold off and
4:47
now it's ridiculously expensive and
4:50
incredibly terrible so anyway let's just
4:53
jump into it um so why are we talking
4:56
about public transportation well it's
4:58
one of those common topics and it's
5:00
probably one of those topics that you
5:01
might never have thought about before
5:04
and ideally if you've got the time you
5:07
know if you've got your exam coming up
5:09
in three months you can prepare for this
5:11
topic by just doing some Google searches
5:13
reading some articles and getting stuck
5:16
into it watching some YouTube videos and
5:18
whatnot however a lot of students are
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not in that situation they don't have
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that luxury so this is like a crash
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course in public transportation and it's
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all Beed around IELTS and I writing task
5:32
to we're going to give you the
5:34
vocabulary we're going to help you with
5:35
a grammar point and we're going to give
5:38
you some of the model sentences and then
5:39
even use this topic in the speaking it's
5:42
a very typical topic of my mind goes
5:45
blank when students know about this uh
5:48
find out about this or face this is the
5:51
better expression so when we're talking
5:54
about public transportation we're
5:55
talking about
5:57
basically um as I just said said the
6:00
buses the trains the underground and
6:03
these are necessary for sustainable and
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efficient
6:08
cities and this is another reason why I
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wanted to cover this topic because it
6:14
overlaps very conveniently Into Climate
6:17
Change so when you're thinking about
6:19
solutions for climate change or whatever
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we could talk about public
6:23
transportation
6:25
initiatives um and also I will share
6:30
very powerful technique um when to come
6:33
up with ideas and it's like your backup
6:36
method and if you learn this backup
6:38
method you learn all the vocabulary
6:40
around it then it's basically your jolly
6:43
joker as my wife says it's your jolly
6:45
Joker it can get you out of a lot of
6:47
sticky
6:48
situations so what's the grammar Point
6:51
well as I said before we're looking at
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connectors or linking words and these
6:57
help when you want to add additional
6:59
points and even when you want to
7:02
compare some common words would be
7:06
moreover
7:08
furthermore
7:10
similarly likewise and these words just
7:13
help you build up your
7:17
argument in your body
7:20
paragraph let's have a look at some of
7:22
these in the natural environment which
7:25
is a sentence so integrated transport
7:28
networks are essential for modern cities
7:31
and sustainable transport models further
7:35
enhance urban life
7:38
quality so here we said we could have
7:41
even said moreover sustainable transport
7:43
models or in this case we used they
7:45
further enhance urban life quality smart
7:49
transit systems have been developed to
7:51
reduce delays similar traffic Management
7:55
Solutions help to prevent gridlock
7:58
during Peak
8:00
hours there we go what traffic
8:03
Management Solutions come to mind the
8:05
first one for me here would be the
8:08
congestion charge in
8:10
London uh basically it's a way for the
8:13
government to get more money but so what
8:15
they did is typical of the UK government
8:18
they slap a tax on whatever they want
8:20
less of um so they put this tax on
8:24
vehicles now if you want to travel in
8:25
London between certain hours you've got
8:27
to pay an extra fee if you're going
8:30
around the city center and the idea is
8:32
and it actually works it keeps cars out
8:36
of the city center and only those
8:39
desperate enough to pay the charge will
8:41
actually go in the center and obviously
8:44
it reduces the amount of traffic however
8:46
when I was in London a few months ago it
8:49
didn't I couldn't see any difference
8:51
but that's another that's another
8:54
story next sentence furthermore public
8:58
Mobility Services improve the overall
9:01
accessibility of cities while
9:04
eco-friendly Transportation options
9:07
contribute to environmental preservation
9:10
I should have said this a few minutes
9:12
ago but to get the full value from this
9:14
tutorial scribble down write down some
9:18
of these collocations that you're
9:19
hearing doing this makes it far more
9:22
likely you're going to remember them
9:24
which makes it far more likely that
9:26
you're going to use them which makes it
9:29
more likely that you'll figure out how
9:31
to use them in the correct context in
9:34
the correct uh grammatical structures
9:37
next sentence moreover the expansion of
9:40
high-capacity transport uh Transit
9:43
routes facilitates quicker commutes and
9:47
urban congestion relief follows as a
9:50
natural res result that's a great sent
9:54
sentence the reason why I like this
9:56
sentence is because we've used
9:57
facilitates
9:59
a verb and it just moves the sentence
10:02
along rather than saying the traditional
10:05
way uh the standard or like maybe the
10:09
band Six level way which would be and
10:11
this then enables quicker commute so and
10:16
then quicker commutes can happen or
10:17
something a little bit more basic but if
10:19
we use the verb moves the sentence along
10:22
and it's just easier to read and easier
10:26
not easier to write but easier to read
10:28
and EAS easier for the examiner to award
10:30
you
10:31
points similarly green Urban spaces are
10:35
integrated into into Transit planning
10:38
enhancing the aesthetic and ecological
10:41
aspects of urban
10:43
areas great I would actually hedge that
10:45
I'd say similarly in most cases green
10:48
Urban spaces are usually integrated into
10:51
Transit planning hedging is a key skill
10:54
I'll probably release another tutorial
10:57
about hedging um
10:59
but basically we're just avoiding making
11:01
sweeping generalizations by adding more
11:05
um adding phrases like could or most
11:09
likely most
11:10
often next sentence despite the benefits
11:14
the high costs of smart transit systems
11:16
can be prohibitive however the long-term
11:21
Savings in environmental and health
11:23
costs are
11:25
considerable that's a fantastic sentence
11:28
because
11:30
because we've um we've looked at both
11:33
sides there's actually a semicolon in
11:36
there as well and also it's my favorite
11:40
sort of like goto argument um which is
11:43
basically explaining the costs or the
11:46
cost side so we can use costs for should
11:49
governments provide education for free
11:51
higher education for free well there's a
11:53
huge cost there you know should
11:55
governments jail people or focus on
11:58
rehabilitation well there's probably a
12:00
cost argument there as well which is
12:02
cheaper jails or Rehabilitation so by
12:04
using the cost
12:06
argument uh and get into grips with the
12:09
cost argument then we can reuse that
12:12
vocabulary for multiple
12:15
arguments whereas transport vocabulary
12:19
obviously can only be used for a
12:21
transport uh
12:23
essay or maybe even a climate change
12:26
essay pollution essay as well so it is
12:28
slightly more of a tle um next sentence
12:32
public transit
12:33
accessibility is prioritized in City
12:37
Planning moreover efforts are made to
12:39
ensure that these services are
12:41
affordable to all
12:43
residents what's the do what's the
12:46
problem with that sentence let me say it
12:49
again public trans Transit accessibility
12:52
is prioritized in City Planning
12:56
moreover efforts are made to ensure that
12:59
these services are affordable to all
13:02
residents well we need to hedge it let's
13:05
hedge it public trans Transit
13:08
accessibility is often prioritized in
13:11
City Planning moreover efforts are
13:14
usually made to ensure that these
13:16
services are affordable to all residents
13:19
there we
13:20
go can you see what I did there
13:22
transformed it introduced that element
13:24
of uncertainty to avoid a sweeping
13:27
generalization next sentence while
13:29
integrated transport networks are
13:32
advantageous they require extensive
13:34
coordination and
13:36
funding which can be challenging for
13:39
local
13:40
governments next sentence eco-friendly
13:43
Transportation initiatives are often
13:45
supported by public
13:47
policy furthermore these initiatives
13:49
encourage broader participation in
13:52
sustainable living
13:54
practices there we go that would
13:56
definitely need to be further developed
13:59
because it's not exactly clear okay
14:02
eco-friendly Transportation initiatives
14:05
encourage
14:07
broader participation in sustainable
14:09
living practices because why why why
14:13
develop it further you could not leave
14:15
that sentence as it is let's have a look
14:18
at the pros and the cons this will be
14:21
great for the students who suffer from
14:23
the lack of ideas so the advantages
14:26
basically of public transportation is
14:30
that it can one reduce Urban traffic
14:33
congestion and then I'm going to just
14:36
develop this one and then this would
14:40
probably lead to a to lower
14:44
environmental
14:47
pollution super next sentence the next
14:50
Advantage improves accessibility to jobs
14:53
and services
14:57
because a wider percentage of the
15:00
population now have uh would usually
15:03
have
15:05
a
15:06
greater um usually find it easier to get
15:09
into the city if there is a bus route
15:11
rather than having to rely on a taxi or
15:14
a private car which might be
15:16
economically prohibitive for a lot of
15:19
City
15:21
citizens it increases safety in
15:23
transportation through technological
15:25
advances this is
15:27
because most transit systems most modern
15:31
Transit Transport Systems have built in
15:34
safety devices that help reduce traffic
15:38
uh that help reduce
15:40
accidents next sentence it enhances the
15:43
quality of life by reducing travel time
15:46
and possibly even increasing air quality
15:49
this is due to the fact that can you see
15:52
what I'm trying to do here and I'm doing
15:54
it now I don't usually develop most of
15:57
the arguments that I give you but I'm
15:59
doing it because uh the other day I had
16:01
a private class and the student kept
16:04
coming up with reasons but really didn't
16:06
develop them so it's like fresh in my
16:09
mind this skill set of developing and in
16:12
most cases we can develop the argument
16:15
by just saying this is because and then
16:17
completing explaining and also and what
16:20
I was telling my student was after each
16:23
sort of like position or argument ask
16:26
yourself why why does this happen why
16:29
and then putting it in a sentence of
16:31
this is
16:32
because what are the the drawbacks what
16:37
are the disadvantages what are the cons
16:39
of public transportation initiatives
16:42
well there's a high cost of development
16:45
and maintenance as I just
16:47
mentioned uh there's usually disruptions
16:51
during construction phases and if you
16:55
want to dive into this a little bit
16:56
further you can just put hs2 UK and
17:00
you'll get a barrage of articles about
17:04
how the UK government just keeps on
17:06
flip-flopping with decisions and um
17:10
making a mess of it anyway let's move on
17:13
potential for underutilization if not
17:16
properly
17:18
planned for some reason Spain comes to
17:20
mind here because they were building a
17:22
lot of infrastructure projects and tiny
17:25
little towns had trams in them which
17:29
thought was a complete waste of money um
17:32
and and definitely a candidate for being
17:36
underutilized um another disadvantage
17:39
they can be inefficient in low density
17:42
areas that's exactly what I just said
17:44
but in a more academic fashion um a risk
17:47
of technological obsolescence with rapid
17:51
advances that's
17:52
interesting um
17:55
no example comes to mind so if I did
17:58
think of this idea this is what we do
18:00
with um as students on the course on the
18:02
writing course we have the sentence
18:04
guide is like you might have an idea but
18:07
if it's difficult to explain if it's
18:09
difficult to develop ditch that idea
18:12
move on to one that's easier to explain
18:16
now let me just explain why the risk of
18:18
technological obsolescence with rapid
18:20
advances in technology might be a
18:22
drawback from investing in a train or uh
18:26
a bus service we could say that
18:28
self-driving cars are around the corner
18:31
and with it self-driving
18:33
taxes we could even say that private air
18:36
travel is H could make train or
18:40
high-speed long-distance train
18:42
infrastructure redundant in the
18:45
future
18:47
and the reason why I don't like the
18:49
argument is because it's a stretch it's
18:51
a stretch we've got to sort of like put
18:54
these conditions in place these
18:55
hypothetical conditions to justify our
18:58
AR
18:59
and the chances that longdistance trains
19:02
for example become redundant because of
19:05
um technological in advances in air
19:08
travel are quite slim at least I believe
19:11
until for the next 20 years we'll see
19:15
message me in 20 years if I'm
19:17
wrong next one it may lead to
19:20
gentrification near Transit hubs again
19:23
that's quite a complicated one to
19:25
explain what does gentrification mean
19:27
well it means when a down a downscale
19:31
area you know like a part of town that's
19:34
been neglected and it's all derel and
19:37
then they put a transport Hub there now
19:39
everybody wants to live there and the
19:41
price of living goes up the price of
19:43
housing goes up and everything becomes
19:45
more
19:48
expensive okay and again I'm not so keen
19:52
on that argument it takes a lot to
19:54
explain but it is worthwhile knowing and
19:57
it's a useful verb as well to to
20:01
gentrify next drawback it requires
20:03
significant governmental planning and
20:06
coordination it can be a long-term
20:09
financial burden on public funds I love
20:12
that argument you instantly get it you
20:15
know the government sets up this train
20:17
system and now it has to carry on
20:19
funding it year after year after year
20:21
and this is a longterm financial
20:26
burden now I've covered the topic
20:29
specific vocabulary collocations in
20:31
those sentences let me just blast
20:33
through them again to help you remember
20:35
them smart transit systems integ
20:38
integrated transport networks green
20:40
Urban spaces traffic Management
20:43
Solutions public Mone Mobility Services
20:46
sustainable transport models Urban
20:48
congestion relief eco-friendly
20:51
transportation and high capacity transer
20:54
Transit routes sorry let's go to the
21:01
speaking why is it important to
21:03
integrate green spaces into urban
21:07
planning integrating green spaces into
21:10
urban planning not only enhances the
21:13
city's Beauty but also improves
21:15
residents Health
21:17
moreover such spaces provide necessary
21:20
ecological benefits like air pu
21:23
purification and even temperature
21:26
regulation
21:29
now with this
21:31
speaking if you struggle for long
21:34
answers try the technique that I
21:37
mentioned before this is because or for
21:40
example and this will just extend your
21:42
answer a little bit more what I like
21:45
about this answer is let's just go back
21:48
to the question why is it important to
21:49
integrate green spaces into urban
21:51
planning here the student by starting
21:55
with integrating green spaces into urban
21:57
planning they just directly reflected
22:00
the question so we start off and the
22:03
first five or six words more or less
22:06
come from the question and this is a
22:09
useful technique to employ in your exam
22:12
because it makes sure that you're
22:14
staying on topic and moreover this
22:17
student did it
22:20
by slightly
22:22
modifying and they started with the
22:24
gerand integrating green spaces another
22:27
way to start off would would be well I
22:30
believe it's crucial to integrate green
22:33
spaces into urban planning because XY
22:36
Z next question should cities invest
22:40
more in high capacity Transit routes oh
22:43
yes absolutely without a shadow of the
22:46
doubt cities should definitely invest in
22:49
high-capacity Transit routes as they
22:51
efficiently manage large volumes of
22:54
passengers
22:56
and sorry and this reduces traffic
22:59
congestion furthermore these Investments
23:01
support sustainable Urban
23:05
Development wow if you can speak at this
23:07
level in the exam you're getting a band
23:10
nine okay you this level so don't worry
23:15
okay if you're a bit um worried by the
23:18
quality of these answers these were
23:20
pre-prepared in advance by a native
23:23
speaker and it's um you don't have to
23:26
worry about these okay but it's a good
23:28
sort of like North Star to aim for and
23:32
moreover you're hearing some of the
23:35
linking words that I mentioned earlier
23:37
and the
23:38
collocations um Al together in a natural
23:41
environment in spoken in a natural way
23:44
what are the challenges of implementing
23:47
smart transit
23:49
systems hopefully your mind goes
23:52
straight now to the cost argument I talk
23:56
about a lot the challenges here is that
23:59
it's very expensive to build a train and
24:02
get trains running okay that's the
24:05
answer but this this is how it should be
24:08
delivered implementing smart transit
24:11
systems involves high costs and complex
24:14
technology integration moreover ensuring
24:17
these systems remain up to date with
24:19
technological advancements is
24:21
continually challenging and probably
24:24
rather
24:26
expensive next question final question
24:30
how have public transportation
24:32
Innovations changed in the last decade
24:36
now if you're getting a question like
24:39
this The Examiner is inviting you to use
24:42
your language of
24:45
comparison because it says has how have
24:48
they changed in the last decade well we
24:51
want to talk about the beginning a few
24:53
decades ago a decade ago sorry and then
24:56
talk about the present day
24:59
and we can use different tenses we could
25:00
use the present perfect for this which
25:02
is perfect for this let's go in the last
25:05
decade public transportation has seen
25:08
significant advancements particularly in
25:11
the adoption of smart transit systems
25:13
these Innovations have made public
25:16
transport more efficient and user
25:18
friendly another way probably a more
25:21
natural way would be to say well in the
25:24
last decade I think the trains were
25:29
quite polluting because a lot of them
25:31
used diesel whereas nowadays most of the
25:35
trains especially in my city are all
25:38
electrically powered uh so I guess the
25:42
change has been that they're more
25:45
environmentally um better for the
25:48
climate and a little bit cleaner which
25:52
reduces probably noise pollution and air
25:55
pollution at the same time
25:58
there we go that's kind of like a more
26:00
natural answer we haven't had the luxury
26:03
to
26:04
prepare now if you want the full
26:06
tutorial which I recommend uh you doing
26:09
just put into googlep podcast.com public
26:12
transportation you'll be able to see all
26:15
the vocabulary all the model sentences
26:18
and if you combine that with your notes
26:20
again we're going back to this
26:22
repetition this idea of repetition
26:24
reusing the vocabulary making it your
26:27
own so that when you do use it it sounds
26:30
more
26:31
natural that's it from me today I'm
26:34
wishing you a beautiful day and if you
26:36
want these tutorials in your inbox go to
26:39
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