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How did the Mongols destroy Baghdad in 1258?
The destruction of Baghdad in 1258 was a devastating event in the history of the city and the Islamic world. It occurred when the Mongol forces of Hulagu Khan captured and sacked the city, marking the end of the Abbasid Caliphate. The once-glorious city, renowned as a center of learning and culture, was left in ruins, its libraries and palaces burned, and its citizens murdered or enslaved. The events of that day marked a turning point in the history of Baghdad, and the city would never fully recover during the next centuries from the destruction wrought by the Mongols. The sack of Baghdad remains a symbol of the brutality and violence of Mongol expansion
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in the heart of the 13th century Baghdad was not just a city it was a beacon of learning culture and wealth the capital
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of the aasad caliphate Baghdad was a jewel of the Islamic world renowned for its libraries Scholars and artists but
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in the year 1258 the city's heartbeat was silenced by the Thundering hes of the Mongol armies this is the story of
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the fall of Baghdad a tale of betrayal destruction and the unrelenting power of the Mongol Empire the Mongol empire
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under the leadership of gangas Khan and his descendants had grown to become the largest contiguous land Empire in
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history hulagu Kan a grandson of gangas Khan was tasked with expanding the Empire further into the Middle East his
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objective was clear the submission of the Abbasid caliphate and the conquest of its Capal Capital Baghdad founded in
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the 8th Century Baghdad quickly Rose to prominence as the center of the Islamic Golden Age the Abbasid cffs who ruled
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from this great City presided over an era of scientific advancement cultural flourishing and economic Prosperity the
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House of Wisdom baghdad's famous Library attracted Scholars from across the known World becoming a symbol of the city's
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intellectual prowess yet behind this facade of prosperity political instability and internal divisions
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plagued the aasad caliphate the Empire once unified began to fracture weakened
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by infighting corruption and the gradual erosion of central Authority the Mongols
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a nomadic Warrior tribe from the steps of Central Asia had risen to power under the unifying leadership of genghiskhan
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known for their military prowess and ruthlessness the Mongols swiftly expanded their territories employing
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psychological warfare and unparalleled brutality to subdue entire civilizations hulagu Kan e to extend
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Mongol dominance into the Islamic hard lands gathered a formidable army in 1257
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he began his March towards Baghdad systematically Conquering the fortresses and cities that stood in his path with
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each Victory the Mongol threat loomed ever closer to the Abbasid Capital by January 1258 the Mongol Army had reached
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the gates of Baghdad despite its impressive fortifications the city was Ill prepared for the siege that was to
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come the caleff al- mustasim the last basid ruler of Baghdad had failed to
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adequately prepare for the Mongol threat underestimating their strength and resolve hulagu Khan demanded the city's
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surrender but the caleff refused believing that baghdad's walls and his faith would protect them this Defiance
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would soon prove disastrous on January 29th the Mongols launched a full-scale assault on
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baghdad's defenses The Siege lasted less than 2 weeks the Mongols masters of
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Siege Warfare overwhelmed the city's defenses with a Relentless barrage of arrows catapult stones and flaming
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missiles the city's Defenders outnumbered and outmatched were quickly overrun on February 10th 1258 the walls
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of Baghdad were breached and the Mongol horde poured into the city the fall of Baghdad marked the beginning of one of
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the most horrific massacres in medieval history the Mongols Unleashed a wave of Destruction upon the city slaughtering
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men women and children without Mercy estimates of the death toll range from
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100,000 to over a million the Tigris River once a Lifeline of the city ran red with the blood of its
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inhabitants the House of Wisdom the greatest library of its time was not spared thousands of Priceless
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manuscripts were thrown into the river lost forever the Mongols destroyed baghdad's infrastructure raised its
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palaces and left the city in ruins the sacking of Baghdad was so thorough that it would take centuries for the city to
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recover the fall of Baghdad in 1258 was more than just a military conquest it
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was a cultural and intellectual catastrophe the destruction of the city marked the end of the Islamic golden age
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and the Abbasid caliphate was left in ruins the once great city of Baghdad became a symbol of the devastating power
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of the Mongol Empire the Mongol conquest of Baghdad had far-reaching consequences
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not just for the Middle East but for the entire world the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate led to a power vacuum in the
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region setting the stage for the rise of new powers and the reshaping of the political landscape the loss of
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knowledge and culture was felt across the globe as one of the world's greatest cities was reduced to ashes today
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Baghdad stands as a testament to human resilience despite its tumultuous past
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the city has endured and continues to be a center of culture and learning the fall of Baghdad to the Mongols remains a
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poignant reminder of the fragility of civilization and the destructive power of unchecked ambition history is a
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tapestry woven from the threads of Triumph and tragedy the fall of Baghdad is a story of both a tale of a city that
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Rose to Greatness and was brought Low by the inexorable tide of history as the Mongol Empire Rose to power what drove
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them to Target Baghdad The Jewel of the Islamic world how did political Intrigue and alliances set the stage for an
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inevitable conflict as the Mongol Siege began what strategies and tactics played out in the battle for the city and when
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Bagdad fell what were the scenes of Destruction and loss how did this catastrophic event reshape the Middle
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East and what Legacy did it leave behind finally how did Baghdad rise from its
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ruins and embark on a path of renewal this is what you'll discover in a moment
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but before we begin if you enjoy the video please support us by subscribing to the channel liking the content
5:46
sharing it with family and friends and leaving us a comment your feedback is important to us
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the fall of Baghdad in 1258 is one of the most tragic and pivotal events in world history it marked the end of an
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era as the Mongol forces under hulagu Kan a grandson of gangas Khan stormed the city bringing an end to the Abbasid
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caliphate one of the most powerful and culturally Rich empires in the world the fall of Baghdad was not just the loss of
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a city but the collapse of a civilization that had been at the Forefront of human knowledge culture and
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progress for centuries Baghdad founded in 762 ad by the Abbasid kff almur
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quickly became the capital of the Islamic world for centuries it was the heart of a vast Empire that stretched
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from the Atlantic Ocean to the borders of China the city was a hub of learning art and commerce home to Scholars poets
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and scientists the House of Wisdom an academic institution in Baghdad
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attracted the brightest Minds from across the world and became a symbol of the city's intellectual prowess however
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by the 13th century the Abbasid caliphate was in Decline internal strife
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corruption and a series of weak cffs had left the Empire vulnerable at the same
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time the Mongol Empire founded by gangas Khan was expanding rapidly across Asia
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the Mongols were known for their military prowess ruthlessness and ability to incorporate the strengths of
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the civilizations they conquered hulagu Kan leading the Mongol forces in the Middle East was determined to bring
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Baghdad under Mongol control both for its strategic importance and as a demonstration of Mongol power the siege
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of Baghdad in 1258 was a meticulously planned and brutally executed military campaign the Mongols surrounded the city
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cutting off supplies and Escape Routes despite desperate attempts to negotiate the Abbasid kff aladim refused to
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surrender the Mongols known for their Siege Warfare tactics used advanced technology and sheer force to breach the
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city's defenses when Baghdad fell the Mongols Unleashed a wave of Destruction
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that shocked the world libraries were burned Scholars were killed and Priceless cultural Treasures were lost
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forever the Tigris River ran black with ink from the books thrown into it and read with the blood of the city's
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inhabitants the aftermath of the Fall was devastating the population of Baghdad
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which had been estimated at over a million was decimated the city once a beacon of civilization lay in ruins the
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fall of Baghdad marked the end of the Islamic golden age and ushered in a period of chaos and decline in the
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Middle East however it also set the stage for the rise of new powers and the eventual rebuilding of the city this
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book delves into the events leading up to the fall of Baghdad The Siege itself and its aftermath it explores the
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historical context the key figures involved and the lasting impact of this catastrophic event through detailed
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chapters we will examine the rise of the Mongol Empire the decline of the aasad caliphate and the cultural and political
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consequences of the Mongol conquest the fall of Baghdad is a story of ambition
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power and tragedy but it is also a reminder of the resilience of civilization ations despite the
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devastation Baghdad would eventually rise from its ashes continuing its Legacy as a center of culture and
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learning the rise of the Mongol Empire the Mongol Empire at its height was the
9:15
largest contiguous Empire in history stretching from the steps of Central Asia to the heart of Europe and the coasts of China this vast Empire was
9:22
forged through a combination of unmatched military prowess strategic diplomacy and the Visionary leadership
9:28
of its founder gangas Khan the rise of the Mongol Empire is a tale of ambition
9:33
conquest and transformation as a group of nomadic tribes from the harsh Mongolian Plains United to create a
9:39
superpower that would shape the course of history the origins of the Mongols can be traced back to the rugged terrain
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of the Mongolian Plateau where various nomadic tribes lived in constant competition for resources these tribes were Fierce
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Warriors skilled Horsemen and expert archers traits that would later become the backbone of the Mongol
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military however it was not until the rise of tamin later known as gangas Khan that the Mongols began their Journey
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towards Empire building teyen was born around 1162 into a world of turmoil his
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father a tribal Chief was poisoned when teyan was still a boy leaving him and his family in a precarious position
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igan's early life was marked by hardship including periods of poverty captivity
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and Exile however these challenges only strengthened his resolve and honed his leadership skills through a combination
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of Charisma strategic marriages and sheer determination teyen gradually United the Mongol tribes under his
10:36
leadership in 1206 after years of warfare and Alliance building tamin was
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declared gangas Khan the universal ruler of the Mongols this marked the beginning of the
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Mongol Empire gangas Khan's Vision was not just to unify the Mongol tribes but
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to expand their territory far beyond the steps of Mongolia he believed in the Divine Right to conquer the world a
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belief that drove his Relentless campaigns across Asia gangas Khan's military success was based on several
11:05
key factors first the Mongol Army was highly disciplined and organized unlike the feudal armies of
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Europe which were often composed of knights and peasants with little cohesion the Mongol Army was a well-oiled machine soldiers were
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organized into units of 10 100 a th000 and 10,000 with a clear chain of command
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this structure allowed for flexibility and rapid response on the Battlefield second the Mongols were masters of
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psychological warfare they used Terror as a weapon spreading fear among their enemies through brutal tactics and
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Relentless assaults cities that resisted Mongol rule were often destroyed their populations massacred this reputation
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for ruthlessness often led to the surrender of cities without a fight as Leaders sought to avoid the fate of those who had resisted third the Mongols
11:53
were adaptable they Incorporated the Technologies and tactics of the peoples they conquered learning from their
11:59
enemies and improving their own capabilities for example during their campaigns in China the Mongols adopted
12:05
the use of Siege weapons which they later employed with devastating effect in their campaigns in the Middle East and Europe under gangas Khan's
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leadership the Mongols rapidly expanded their empire they conquered the powerful Gene Dynasty in northern China subdued
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the quesan empire in Persia and launched raids into Eastern Europe gangas Khan's
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sons and grandsons continued his legacy pushing the boundaries of the Empire even further by the time of gangas
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Khan's death in 1227 the Mongol Empire stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the Caspian Sea however the rise of the
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Mongol Empire was not just a story of military conquest gangas Khan was also a
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shrewd administrator and Diplomat he established a legal code known as the yasa which governed the Empire and
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promoted stability he also encouraged trade and communication across his vast domains creating a network of roads and
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relay stations that facilitated the movement of goods and information this Pax mongolica Mongol
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peace allowed for the exchange of ideas and Technologies between East and West contributing to the development of the
13:09
Silk Road and the spread of knowledge as the Mongol Empire expanded it encountered new
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challenges the vastness of the Empire made it difficult to govern and the Mongols had to rely on local rulers and
13:20
administrators to maintain control this often led to tensions and rebellions as
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subject peoples chafed under Mongol rule additional Ally the Empire's sheer size made it difficult to sustain and the
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Mongols were often stretched thin facing threats on multiple fronts despite these challenges the Mongol Empire continued
13:39
to grow hulagu Khan one of gangas Khan's grandsons was tasked with expanding
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Mongol rule into the Middle East this would bring him into conflict with the Abbasid caliphate the once Mighty Empire
13:51
centered in Baghdad the stage was set for one of the most dramatic and destructive Encounters in history
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Baghdad The Jewel of the Islamic World Baghdad the capital of the Abbasid
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caliphate was one of the most magnificent cities in the world during the medieval period founded in 762 ad by
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the Abbasid kff al- mansur the city was strategically located on the banks of the Tigris River making it a Vital
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Center for trade culture and politics over the centuries Baghdad grew into a
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bustling Metropolis renowned for its Grand architecture thriving markets and intellectual life.at the heart of
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Baghdad was the round City the original core of the city which was designed as a perfect circle with a diameter of about
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2 kilm the round city was a Marvel of urban planning with four main gates leading to the cardinal directions and a
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network of streets radiating out from the center the Central Area housed the cff's palace and the great mosque
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symbolizing the religious and political authority of the abbasids surrounding the palace were the homes of the cff's officials military
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leaders and Scholars creating a vibrant and ierse Community Baghdad was not just
15:01
the political capital of the aasad Empire it was also a major intellectual and Cultural Center the city was home to
15:08
the House of Wisdom an academic institution that attracted Scholars from across the Islamic world and Beyond here
15:15
scientists philosophers and translators worked together to preserve and expand upon the knowledge of the ancient world
15:22
Greek Persian Indian and Chinese texts were translated into Arabic and original
15:27
works of philosophy medicine mathematics and astronomy were produced The House of
15:33
Wisdom became a symbol of the Islamic Golden Age a period of scientific cultural and intellectual flourishing
15:39
that had a profound impact on the world baghdad's markets were legendary drawing Traders from all corners of the globe
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the city's location on the Silk Road made it a hub for the exchange of goods and ideas spices textiles precious
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metals and other luxury goods flowed into the city making it one of the wealthiest places on Earth
15:59
the bustling bazaars were filled with merchants selling their Wares Artisans crafting intricate works of art and
16:04
Scholars discussing the latest philosophical and scientific theories however by the 13th century Baghdad was
16:10
facing significant challenges the Abbasid caliphate once the most powerful Empire in the Islamic world was in
16:17
Decline internal strife corruption and a series of weak cffs had eroded the strength of the state The cff's
16:24
Authority was increasingly challenged by Regional rulers who carved out their own territ teritories and operated
16:30
independently of Baghdad the once unified empire was fragmented with rival
16:35
factions fying for power despite these challenges Baghdad remained a symbol of the Islamic world's cultural and
16:41
intellectual achievements the city Scholars continued to produce groundbreaking work and its markets
16:47
remained bustling with activity however the city's defenses were weak and its rulers were ill
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prepared for the threat that was about to descend upon them in the mid-13th century the Mongols under the leadership
16:59
of hulagu Khan began their March towards Baghdad hulagu had been tasked by his
17:04
brother the great Khan monk with expanding Mongol rule into the Middle East the Mongols had already conquered
17:10
much of Central Asia and Persia and Baghdad was the next Target on their list the califf al- mustasim was aware
17:17
of the approaching threat but he underestimated the Mongols determination and Military prowess despite receiving
17:24
warnings from his advisers the kalea failed to take adequate measures to defend the city. the Mongols Drew closer
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the people of Baghdad could sense the impending danger fear and uncertainty spread throughout the city as rumors of
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the Mongols brutality reached their ears yet there was also a sense of disbelief
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Baghdad The Jewel of the Islamic world had never fallen to an Invader before
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the city's walls though old and in need of repair were still formidable and many believed that divine intervention would
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protect them from the Mongol Onslaught but the Mongols were unlike any enemy Baghdad had faced before they were
18:00
masters of Siege Warfare and their reputation for ruthlessness was well- earned when the Mongols arrived at the
18:06
gates of Baghdad in January 1258 the stage was set for one of the most dramatic and tragic episodes in world
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history the fall of Bagdad would not only Mark the end of the Abbasid caliphate but also the beginning of a
18:18
new era in the Middle East one that would be shaped by the Mongol conquests and the destruction they left in their
18:24
[Music] wake the Prelude to war political intrigues and
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alliances as the 13th century progressed the political landscape of the Middle East became increasingly complex and
18:37
unstable the Abbasid caliphate once the dominant power in the Islamic world was a shadow of its former self internal
18:45
divisions external threats and a series of weak and ineffective cffs had left the Empire vulnerable the califf Alm
18:52
mustasim was a well-meaning but indecisive ruler ill equipped to deal with the challenges that were gathering on the horizon the Mongol Empire on the
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other hand was in its ascendancy hulagu Khan the brother of the great KH monk had been tasked with
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expanding Mongol rule into the Middle East Hulu's campaign was part of a broader strategy to subdue the Islamic
19:13
world and bring it under Mongol control the Mongols had already conquered vast territories in Central Asia and Persia
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and Baghdad was the next Target on their list the political situation in the Middle East at this time was one of
19:25
Shifting alliances and betrayals the Mongol goals known for their diplomatic as well as military skills exploited
19:32
these divisions to their advantage hulagu sent emissaries to the various rulers in the region offering them the
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choice of submitting to Mongol rule or facing destruction some like the rulers of Persia chose to Ally with the Mongols
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hoping to gain favor and avoid the fate of those who resisted others like the caleff of Baghdad hesitated unsure of
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how to respond to the Mongol threat one of the key factors that contributed to the fall of Baghdad was the cff's
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failure to secure alliances with other Muslim rulers despite the warnings of his advisers and the clear threat posed
20:05
by the Mongols al- mustasim was reluctant to take decisive action he believed that the Mongols would be
20:11
satisfied with tribute and that they would not dare to attack the city of Baghdad which he considered to be protected by its historical and
20:17
religious significance this complacency would prove to be a fatal mistake meanwhile
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hulagu was assembling a formidable army the Mongols were masters of Siege Warfare and Hulu's forces were well
20:30
equipped with the latest Siege engines and Technologies in addition to his Mongol troops hulagu had recruited soldiers
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from the various regions he had already conquered including Persians Armenians and
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Georgians this diverse and experienced force was ready to unleash Devastation on any City that dared to resist late
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1257 Hulu's Army began its March towards Baghdad the journey was not easy as the
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Mongols had to cross the rugged terrain of the zagas mountains and navigate the harsh winter conditions however hulagu was determined
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and his army pressed on driven by the knowledge that the prize awaiting them was one of the greatest cities in the world as the Mongols approached Panic
21:10
spread throughout Baghdad the cff's advisers urged him to take action to strengthen the city's defenses to Rally
21:17
the people and to seek alliances with neighboring rulers but Al mustasim remained
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indecisive some of his advisers suggested negotiating with the Mongols While others advocated for a more
21:28
aggressive stance in the end the califf did neither and the city was left
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vulnerable the Mongols meanwhile continued to advance destroying towns and cities in their path the cff's
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attempts to gather an army were hampered by the lack of support from other Muslim rulers many of whom were either too weak
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to help or had already made their own arrangements with the Mongols the once Mighty Abbasid caliphate was now
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isolated facing the full force of the Mongol Empire alone as the Mongols closed in on Baghdad hulagu sent a final
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message to the califf demanding his surrender the message was clear if the califf surrendered Baghdad would be
22:06
spared if he resisted the city would be destroyed al- mustasim still believing
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that Baghdad was invincible refused to surrender the stage was set for a confrontation that would change the
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course of history the Prelude to the fall of Baghdad was marked by political Intrigue missed opportunities and a
22:24
failure to recognize the gravity of the situation the cff's indecision and the lack of support from other Muslim rulers
22:31
left Baghdad vulnerable to the Mongol Onslaught as Hulu's Army encircled the city the people of Baghdad could only
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wait in fear knowing that the fate of their city now hung in the
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balance the Mongol Siege Begins the siege of Baghdad which began in January
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1258 was one of the most devastating military campaigns in history the Mongol
22:55
Army led by hulagu Kan encircled the city cutting off all supply routes and trapping the inhabitants inside The
23:02
Siege would last for weeks culminating in a brutal assault that would bring the city to its knees and mark the end of the Abbasid caliphate hulagu strategy
23:10
was methodical and Relentless the Mongols were experts in Siege Warfare and they brought with them a range of
23:16
advanced Siege engines including catapults trebuchets and battering rams
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these weapons were capable of hurling massive stones and incendiary devices at the city's walls causing significant
23:27
damage and de moralizing The Defenders the people of Baghdad already weakened by the cff's indecision and lack of
23:34
preparation were ill equipped to withstand the mongal assault the city's defenses which had once been formidable
23:40
were now in a state of disrepair the walls were old and crumbling and the city's Garrison was
23:45
small and poorly trained despite this the caleff ordered his forces to defend the city hoping that the walls would
23:52
hold and that the Mongols would eventually Tire of The Siege but the Mongols were not to be deterred Hulu's
23:58
Army began its assault on the city's walls with a ferocity that stunned The Defenders The Siege engines pounded the
24:04
walls day and night causing sections to collapse and opening breaches that the Mongols quickly exploited The Defenders
24:10
outnumbered and outmatched fought bravely but they were no match for the mongal onslaught as The Siege dragged on
24:17
conditions inside the city deteriorated rapidly food and water supplies ran low
24:22
and the city's inhabitants began to suffer from hunger and disease the streets were filled with the dead and
24:28
dying and the once bustling markets were now silent the califf still believing that Baghdad would be spared remained in
24:35
his Palace isolated from the suffering of his people the Mongols meanwhile
24:40
continued their Relentless assault they employed psychological tactics to further weaken the defender resolve
24:46
including spreading rumors of the horrors that awaited those who resisted the fear of what the Mongols might do if
24:52
they breach the city's defenses began to take its toll on the morale of the defenders in early February after
24:58
several weeks of intense fighting the Mongols breached the city's walls Hulu's forces poured into the city overwhelming
25:05
The Defenders and capturing key positions the fall of Baghdad was now inevitable as the Mongols Advanced
25:12
through the city they Unleashed a wave of Destruction that would leave Baghdad in Ruins libraries mosques and palaces
25:19
were burned and the city's inhabitants were massacred the Mongols showed no mercy killing men women and children
25:26
indiscriminately the Tigers river which flowed through the heart of Baghdad was said to have run black with ink from the
25:32
countless books thrown into it and read with the blood of the city's inhabitants the califf al- mustasim was
25:38
captured and brought before hulagu despite his please for Mercy the Mongol leader ordered him to be executed
25:45
marking the end of the Abbasid caliphate the death of the caleff and the destruction of Baghdad sent shock waves
25:51
throughout the Islamic World signaling the end of an era the Mongol Siege of Baghdad was a turning point in history
25:58
it marked the end of the Islamic golden age and the beginning of a period of Decline and Chaos in the Middle East the
26:04
city once a beacon of culture and learning was now a smoldering ruin its people decimated and its Treasures lost
26:10
the fall of Baghdad also demonstrated the sheer power and ruthlessness of the Mongol Empire Hulu's conquest of the
26:16
city was not just a military Victory it was a statement of Mongol dominance and a warning to the rest of the world the
26:23
Mongols had shown that no City no matter how great was safe from their Wrath in
26:28
the aftermath of The Siege the Mongols established their rule over the region but the legacy of the fall of Baghdad
26:33
would linger for centuries the city would eventually be rebuilt but it would never again regain its former glory the
26:41
fall of Baghdad was a tragic and defining moment in world history one that would shape the future of the Middle East and the world for
26:47
generations to come the aftermath of The Siege a city
26:54
in ruins the fall of Baghdad in 1258 was not just the end of a battle it was the
27:00
end of an era as the Mongols stormed through the city leaving destruction in their wake the immediate aftermath was
27:06
one of unimaginable Devastation the city that had once been the center of the Islamic World a beacon
27:12
of learning culture and prosperity lay in ruins the Tigris River once a source
27:18
of life for the city was now A Silent Witness to the horrors that had unfolded in the days following the Mongol
27:24
conquest the full extent of the destruction became apparent the great libraries of Baghdad including the famed
27:30
House of Wisdom were obliterated thousands of manuscripts containing centuries of accumulated
27:36
knowledge were either burned or thrown into the Tigris River the loss of these texts was not just a blow to Baghdad but
27:43
to the entire world as much of the knowledge they contained was lost forever the city's infrastructure was
27:49
also decimated the grand mosques palaces and markets that had once defined baghdad's Skyline were reduced to Rubble
27:57
the once bustling streets were now eerily silent filled only with the debris of what had been the destruction
28:02
of these landmarks was not just a physical loss but a symbolic one representing the end of baghdad's status
28:08
as the Jewel of the Islamic world the human toll was even more staggering tens
28:14
of thousands of people were killed during The Siege and many more died in the days that followed from starvation
28:19
disease and further violence the survivors were left to pick through the ruins of their City searching for food
28:25
shelter and loved ones families were torn apart and communities that had
28:30
existed for centuries were shattered the Mongols known for their ruthlessness did not spare anyone in their path men women
28:39
and children were slaughtered indiscriminately and those who survived faced a grim future the City's
28:44
population once estimated to be over a million was decimated those who were not killed were often enslaved or taken as
28:51
prisoners their lives irrevocably Changed by the horrors they had witnessed the fall of Baghdad also had
28:57
profound consequences for the broader Islamic world the city had been the spiritual and intellectual heart of the
29:03
Muslim world and its destruction sent shock waves across the region the Abbasid caliphate which had ruled the
29:10
Islamic world for over 5 centuries was effectively ended with the execution of the caleff Alm mustasim the cff's death
29:17
marked not just the fall of a city but the collapse of a dynasty that had been a symbol of Islamic unity and Power in
29:23
the wake of The Siege the Mongols established their rule over Baghdad and the surrounding region
29:29
hulagu Khan appointed a governor to oversee the city but the damage had been done Baghdad would never again regain
29:35
its former glory the city's economy which had been based on trade Agriculture and intellectual Pursuits
29:42
was in shambles the markets were empty the fields were untended and the scholars who had once filled the city's
29:48
libraries were either dead or had fled the psychological impact of the fall of Baghdad was immense for the people of
29:56
the Islamic world the city's destru was a sign of divine punishment a consequence of the moral and political
30:01
Decay that had plagued the Abbasid caliphate in its final years the fall of the city was seen as a turning point a
30:08
moment when the world changed irrevocably the Islamic world would never be the same again as the center of
30:14
power shifted away from Baghdad and towards new centers in Cairo Damascus and later
30:19
Istanbul however the Mongol conquest was not without its consequences for the Invaders as well the destruction of
30:26
Baghdad while a milit AR success did not lead to long-term stability for the Mongols the region they had conquered
30:33
was now A Wasteland its economy and Society in ruins the Mongols who had
30:39
relied on the wealth and resources of the Cities they conquered found little to sustain them in the aftermath of The
30:44
Siege moreover the brutality of the conquest alienated many of the local populations leading to resistance and
30:50
rebellion in the years that followed the fall of Baghdad also marked the beginning of the end for the Mongol
30:56
Empire in the Middle East while they would continue to expand their territory in the short term the long-term effects
31:02
of The Siege combined with internal divisions and external pressures would eventually lead to the decline of Mongol
31:07
power in the region the destruction they had wrought would haunt them as the lands they had devastated became
31:13
increasingly difficult to govern and control di in the centuries that followed Baghdad would slowly recover
31:18
but it would never again reach the heights it had once known the city would remain an important center of Commerce
31:24
and culture but it would no longer be the leading city of the Islamic world the legacy of the Mongol conquest would
31:30
linger a reminder of the fragility of even the greatest Empires and the catastrophic consequences of
31:38
war the broader impact on the Islamic world the fall of Baghdad in 1258 Cent
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shock waves throughout the Islamic World reverberating far beyond the borders of the Abbasid caliphate the destruction of
31:51
one of the most important cities in the Muslim world had profound implications for the political cultural and religious
31:56
landscape of the region as the news of baghdad's fall spread rulers and Scholars alike grappled with
32:02
the implications of this cataclysmic event politically the fall of Baghdad marked the definitive end of the aasad
32:09
caliphate as a major political force although a shadow of the caliphate would continue to exist in Cairo under the
32:15
protection of the mamlock the cff's role would be largely symbolic the real power
32:20
in the Islamic World shifted to new centers particularly in Egypt and Syria where the mamlock would rise to
32:26
prominence the Mongol Conquest demonstrated the vulnerability of the Muslim world's political structures
32:31
which had been weakened by internal divisions and external threats the fall of Baghdad also had a significant impact
32:38
on the religious landscape of the Islamic world the city had been a major Center of Islamic learning home to some
32:44
of the most important Scholars and institutions of the time the destruction of baghdad's libraries and schools was a
32:50
devastating blow to Islamic scholarship many of the scholars who survived the siege fled to other parts of the Muslim
32:56
World taking their knowledge with them this dispersion of Scholars contributed to the spread of Islamic learning to new
33:02
regions but it also marked the end of baghdad's role as the intellectual heart of the Muslim World culturally the
33:08
impact of the Mongol conquest was equally profound the Islamic Golden Age a period of remarkable scientific
33:15
cultural and intellectual achievements came to an abrupt end with the fall of Baghdad the city's destruction marked
33:21
the end of an era in which Baghdad had been a vibrant Center of artistic and intellectual Activity The Lost of so
33:28
many scholars artists and Craftsmen in The Siege meant that the cultural output of the Islamic world was significantly
33:34
diminished the destruction of Baghdad was not just a loss for the Muslim world but for Humanity as a whole as much of
33:40
the knowledge and culture that had been preserved and developed there was lost forever the fall of Baghdad also had a
33:46
significant psychological impact on the Muslim world the city had been seen as a symbol of Islamic power and civilization
33:53
and its destruction was a profound shock to Muslims everywhere the Mong Conquest was seen as a Divine punishment for the
34:00
sins and failures of the Muslim world and it led to a period of introspection and soul searching among Muslim Scholars
34:05
and leaders the loss of Baghdad was a reminder of the fragility of even the greatest Empires and the need for
34:11
spiritual and moral renewal in the Years following the fall of Baghdad the Islamic World underwent significant
34:18
changes the mamlock who had successfully resisted the Mongols in Egypt emerged as
34:23
the new Defenders of the Muslim World under their rule k Pirro became a new center of Islamic learning and culture
34:30
attracting Scholars and artists from across the Muslim world the Ottomans who would later rise to power in the 14th
34:37
and 15th centuries would also draw lessons from the fall of Baghdad recognizing the importance of
34:42
maintaining strong and centralized rule to avoid the Fate that had befallen the abbasids the Mongol conquest of Baghdad
34:48
also had a broader impact on the relationships between the Islamic World and Other civilizations the Mongols who had
34:55
previously been seen as a barbaric and civilized people were now recognized as a formidable military power the
35:02
destruction of Baghdad was a clear demonstration of the Mongols ability to challenge even the most powerful
35:07
Empires this led to a re-evaluation of the Mongols by both Muslims and non-muslims alike and it influenced the
35:14
way in which future interactions between the Islamic World and Other civilizations would be conducted however
35:19
the Mongol conquest also had some unexpected consequences for the spread of Islam while the destruction of
35:25
Baghdad was a devastating blow to the Muslim World it also led to the eventual conversion of many Mongols to Islam over
35:32
time the Mongol rulers of the ilate which controlled much of Persia and the surrounding regions adopted Islam as
35:38
their religion this led to a Revival of Islamic culture and learning in these areas as the Mongols who had once
35:45
destroyed the heart of the Muslim world now became its defenders in the long term the fall of Baghdad would be
35:51
remembered as a turning point in the history of the Islamic World it marked the end of the Abbasid caliphate and the
35:56
beginning of a new era in which the centers of power and culture would shift to new regions the legacy of the Mongol
36:03
conquest would shape the future of the Middle East for centuries to come influencing the political cultural and
36:08
religious developments that would follow the fall of Baghdad was a tragic and defining moment in world history one
36:14
that serves as a reminder of the enduring impact of war and Conquest on human
36:22
civilization the Mongol Empire's expansion and fragmentation after the fall of Baghdad
36:28
the Mongol Empire continued its expansion across the Middle East and Beyond solidifying its position as one
36:33
of the most powerful empires in history however the very forces that fueled its rapid expansion also SED the
36:40
seeds of its eventual fragmentation this chapter explores the Mongol Empire's expansion in the
36:45
aftermath of baghdad's fall the internal and external challenges it faced and the factors that led to its fragmentation
36:52
expansion into the Middle East the conquest of Baghdad was part of a broader Mongol campaign to expand their
36:58
empire into the Middle East hulagu Khan the leader of the Mongol forces in the region and the grandson of gangas Khan
37:05
was tasked with extending Mongol rule over the Islamic world after the fall of Baghdad Hulu's Army continued its
37:11
campaign Westward targeting other key cities and regions point one of the most significant battles following the fall
37:17
of Baghdad was the Battle of analed in 1260 the Mongols confident after their
37:22
recent successes Advanced into the Levant threatening the mamlock sultanate in Egypt
37:28
however at in jalot the mamlock under the command of Sultan katus and his General Byars dealt the Mongols their
37:34
first major defeat this battle marked a turning point halting the Mongol Advance into Egypt and the rest of North Africa
37:41
the defeat at Angela demonstrated that the Mongols despite their fearsome reputation were not Invincible following
37:47
angelot the Mongol expansion in the Middle East slowed the ilate the Mongol
37:52
state established in Persia and the surrounding regions continued to exert influence over the area but it faced
37:58
increasing resistance from local Powers the mamlock who had emerged as the Defenders of the Islamic World continued
38:04
to challenge Mongol Authority leading to a series of conflicts over the next several decades internal challenges and
38:11
fragmentation as the Mongol Empire expanded it began to experience internal challenges that would eventually lead to
38:17
its fragmentation the sheer size of the Empire which stretched from China to Eastern Europe and the Middle East made
38:23
it difficult to govern effectively the vast distances between the various regions of the Empire coupled with the
38:29
diversity of the populations under Mongol rule created significant administrative challenges point one of the key factors contributing to the
38:36
fragmentation of the Mongol Empire was the issue of succession after the death of gangas Khan in 1227 the empire was
38:43
divided among his sons and grandsons leading to the creation of several distinct Kates these Kates while
38:50
nominally United under the great Khan in Mongolia increasingly operated as independent states each with its own
38:55
interests and Ambitions the ilen a which ruled over Persia and the Middle East was one of these
39:01
Kates while it remained a formidable power in the region it faced challenges from within and from neighboring states
39:07
the death of hulagu Kan in 1265 led to a period of instability as rival factions
39:12
within the ilate VI for power this internal strife weakened the ilate making it vulnerable to external threats
39:19
and reducing its ability to project power beyond its borders religious and cultural differences also played a role
39:24
in the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire the Mongols who practiced a form of shamanism encountered a variety of
39:31
religions in the territories they conquered including Islam Christianity and Buddhism over time many Mongol
39:38
rulers converted to the religions of the regions they governed leading to the development of distinct cultural identities within the various Kates the
39:45
ilate for example gradually adopted Islam as its official religion which helped to integrate it into the broader
39:51
Islamic world but also distanced it from the other Mongol Kates external pressures and the decline of the ilate
39:57
in addition to internal challenges the Mongol empire particularly the ilate faced increasing pressure from external
40:04
forces the mamlock in Egypt remained a constant threat engaging the Mongols in a series of battles and skirmishes along
40:10
the borders of their territories the mongal defeat at an jalot had emboldened other Muslim states
40:16
which resisted Mongol attempts to extend their control the ilate also faced challenges from the golden horde another
40:22
Mongol conate based in the steps north of the Black Sea relations between the ilate and the gold golden horde were
40:27
often tense with the two Kates competing for influence in the Caucasus and the Middle East the Rivalry between these
40:34
two Mongol States further weakened the cohesion of the Empire and contributed to the overall decline of Mongol power
40:39
in the region the economic difficulties faced by the ilate also played a significant role in its decline the
40:45
extensive Warfare and destruction that accompanied the Mongol conquests had devastated the economies of the regions
40:50
under ilate control the once prosperous cities of the Middle East struggled to recover and the agricultural land BS
40:57
that had supported large populations were often left fallow this economic decline reduced the Kate's ability to
41:03
fund its military campaigns and maintain control over its territories by the early 14th century
41:09
the ilate was in Decline the death of the last effective ilen Abu in 1335
41:16
without an erir LED to a further breakdown of central Authority the ilate fragmented into several smaller States
41:23
each ruled by local Warlords these successor states lack the cohesion and strength of the original
41:28
ilate making them easy targets for the rising powers of the region such as the IDS and the Ottoman Empire the legacy of
41:34
the Mongol Empire in the Middle East despite the eventual decline of the ilate and the fragmentation of the
41:40
Mongol Empire the Mongols left a lasting Legacy in the Middle East their conquests had reshaped the political map
41:47
of the region leading to the rise of new powers and the fall of old ones the Mongol invasion had also led to the
41:53
spread of new ideas Technologies and cultural practices as the diverse peoples of the Empire interacted with
41:59
one another the Mongol period in the Middle East also had a profound impact on Islamic scholarship and culture while
42:05
the destruction of Baghdad was a significant loss the dispersal of Scholars and the establishment of new centers of learning in places like Cairo
42:12
TI and Samaran helped to preserve and transmit Islamic knowledge the ilate
42:18
despite its early brutality eventually became a center of Islamic culture contributing to the development of
42:23
Persian literature art and architecture in the broader context of world history
42:29
the Mongol Empire's expansion into the Middle East was part of a larger process of global integration that occurred
42:34
during the 13th and 14th centuries the Mongols through their conquests
42:39
facilitated the exchange of goods ideas and Technologies across Ur Asia creating a more interconnected world this period
42:46
of increased interaction between different civilizations would have lasting effects shaping the course of history for centuries to
42:55
come the rebuilding of Baghdad and the emergence of new powers after the
43:00
devastating fall of Baghdad in 1258 and the subsequent decline of the Mongol ilate the Middle East entered a period
43:06
of rebuilding and transformation while Baghdad would never fully recover its former glory it
43:12
remained an important city in the region and new powers emerg to fill the vacuum left by the Mongols this chapter explores the
43:19
efforts to rebuild Baghdad the rise of new political entities in the Middle East and the lasting impact of the
43:24
Mongol conquest on the region in the Years following the Mongol destruction Baghdad lay in ruins the city that had
43:32
once been the heart of the Islamic World a center of culture and learning was now a shadow of its former self however the
43:39
resilience of the city's inhabitants and the Strategic importance of baghdad's location ensured that it would not remain desolate for long the process of
43:46
rebuilding Baghdad began almost immediately after the Mongols established control over the city hulagu
43:52
Khan recognizing the importance of Baghdad as a regional center appointed a governor to oversee the Reconstruction
43:58
efforts while the Mongols were more focused on Military and administrative concerns they allowed the local
44:03
population to begin rebuilding their homes markets and places of worship point one of the key figures in the
44:09
early rebuilding of Baghdad was Adam Alec Javan a Persian historian and administrator who served as the governor
44:14
of Baghdad under hulagu Khan Javan a scholar himself understood the importance of restoring the city's
44:20
intellectual and cultural life he took steps to preserve what remained of baghdad's libraries and encouraged the
44:27
return of Scholars who had fled during The Siege although much had been lost these efforts helped to revive Baghdad
44:33
as a center of learning albeit on a smaller scale than before over the next few decades Baghdad slowly began to
44:39
recover the City's population which had been decimated by the Mongol Siege gradually increased as people returned
44:45
to rebuild their lives the markets which had once been among the busiest in the Islamic World began to buzz with
44:52
activity again as trade routes were reestablished and Merchants returned the Tiger river which had witnessed the
44:58
horrors of the Mongol conquest once again became a vital artery for Commerce and communication despite these efforts
45:04
baghdad's recovery was far from complete the city's infrastructure remained fragile and the scars of the Mongol
45:10
invasion were visible for Generations the great libraries that had once housed the wisdom of the Islamic
45:16
world were gone and many of the city's Scholars had been killed or displaced Bagdad would never again be the
45:22
unrivaled center of the Islamic world but it remained an important city a testament to the resilience of its
45:27
people as Baghdad struggled to rebuild new powers emerged in the Middle East reshaping the political landscape of the
45:34
region the decline of the Mongol ilate created a power vacuum that was filled by a number of competing states and
45:40
Empires point one of the most significant of these new powers was the mamlock sultanate in Egypt the mamlock
45:46
who had defeated the Mongols at the Battle of angelot continued to consolidate their power in Egypt and
45:52
Syria under the leadership of Sultan Byars and his successors the mamlock esta lished a strong centralized state
45:58
that became the dominant power in the Eastern Mediterranean Cairo the mamlock capital
46:03
emerged as the new center of Islamic learning and culture attracting Scholars and artists from across the Muslim
46:09
world. in Persia and the surrounding regions the decline of the ilate led to the rise of a number of smaller States
46:15
each vying for control of the territory among these was the ured Empire founded by timour also known as
46:21
tamarlane in the late 14th century timour a formidable military leader
46:27
sought to revive the legacy of the Mongols by conquering vast territories across Central Asia the Middle East and
46:33
India his Empire though short-lived left a lasting impact on the region particularly in the fields of
46:39
architecture art and literature the Ottoman Empire also began to emerge as a major power during this period founded
46:46
in the late 13th century in the Anatolian Peninsula the Ottomans would eventually go on to conquer vast
46:51
territories in Europe Asia and Africa by the 15th century the ottoman had
46:57
established themselves as a formidable force in the Eastern Mediterranean setting the stage for their eventual conquest of Constantinople in
47:04
1453 the rise of the Ottoman Empire marked the beginning of a new era in the history of the Middle East as the
47:10
Ottomans would go on to dominate the region for centuries the legacy of the Mongol conquest the Mongol conquest of
47:17
Baghdad and the subsequent rise of new powers had a profound and lasting impact on the Middle East the destruction of
47:24
Baghdad marked the end of the Islamic Golden Age appear period of unparalleled intellectual and cultural
47:29
achievements the loss of baghdad's libraries and Scholars was a blow to Islamic civilization one that would take
47:35
centuries to fully recover from however the Mongol period also led to the spread of new ideas Technologies and cultural
47:42
practices across the Middle East the Mongols through their conquests had brought together diverse peoples and
47:48
cultures facilitating the exchange of knowledge and traditions this cultural diffusion
47:53
helped to shape the development of new centers of learning such as Cairo samand and de breze ensuring that the legacy of
47:59
the Islamic Golden Age would continue in different forms the rise of new powers in the aftermath of the Mongol conquest
48:05
also reshaped the political map of the Middle East the mamlock IDS and Ottomans
48:10
each contributed to the Region's rich and complex history leaving behind legacies that are still felt today the
48:16
Mongol conquest while a period of great destruction also set the stage for a period of renewal and transformation in
48:22
the Middle East and the end the story of Baghdad and the Middle East in the centuries following the Mongol conquest
48:27
is one of resilience and adaptation the region despite the immense challenges it faced continued to
48:33
produce great works of art literature and scholarship the rise of new powers
48:38
ensured that the Middle East remained a vibrant and dynamic part of the world even as it grappled with the legacy of
48:43
its tumultuous past thank you for watching if you found
48:50
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