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Human Skin Microbiome – Normal Flora of Skin, Hair, and Nail
In this enlightening video, we delve into the fascinating world of the human skin microbiome, exploring the diverse array of microorganisms that inhabit our skin, hair, and nails. We will discuss the concept of normal flora, its critical role in maintaining skin health, and how these microbial communities contribute to our overall well-being. Viewers will gain insights into the balance of beneficial bacteria and the potential consequences of dysbiosis. Join us as we uncover the intricate relationships between our skin and its microbiome, and learn how to support a healthy skin ecosystem. #SkinMicrobiome #NormalFlora #MicrobialHealth
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0:01
welcome to our exploration of the skin
0:03
microbiome the skin microbiome is
0:05
defined as a stable community of
0:07
microorganisms living on human body
0:09
surfaces without causing harm under
0:12
normal conditions these microbes include
0:14
bacteria fungi and other microorganisms
0:17
that have evolved to live in harmony
0:19
with
0:20
humans to understand the skin microbiome
0:23
let's look at the structure of our skin
0:26
the microbiome primarily resides on the
0:28
epidermis the outermost layer of skin
0:31
these microorganisms form a diverse
0:33
ecosystem on our skin
0:35
surface it's important to emphasize that
0:37
the skin microbiome is a natural and
0:40
beneficial ecosystem rather than
0:41
something to be
0:43
eliminated to summarize the skin
0:46
microbiome is a diverse community of
0:48
microorganisms that lives in harmony
0:50
with our skin providing important
0:52
benefits as a natural part of human
0:54
biology
0:56
now that we understand what the skin
0:58
microbiome is we can explore its
1:00
ecological functions in more detail the
1:02
skin microbiome serves four essential
1:05
ecological functions that help maintain
1:07
skin health these include occupying
1:10
ecological niches competitive inhibition
1:12
producing antimicrobial molecules and
1:15
maintaining immune
1:17
balance the first critical function is
1:19
occupying ecological niches beneficial
1:22
microbes colonize the skin surface
1:24
preventing harmful pathogens from
1:25
finding space to attach like filling all
1:28
available seats at a table beneficial
1:31
microbes leave no space for harmful
1:33
pathogens to
1:34
settle the second function is
1:36
competitive inhibition beneficial
1:39
microbes compete with harmful ones for
1:41
essential resources like nutrients water
1:44
and oxygen by consuming available
1:46
resources beneficial microbes
1:48
effectively starve potential pathogens
1:51
making it difficult for them to survive
1:53
and
1:54
multiply the third function is the
1:56
production of antimicrobial molecules
1:59
many beneficial skin microbes naturally
2:01
produce substances that directly inhibit
2:04
or kill potential
2:06
pathogens these natural antibiotics
2:08
include bacterioins fatty acids and
2:11
antimicrobial peptides they form a
2:14
chemical shield that helps protect the
2:15
skin from harmful
2:17
invaders the fourth function is
2:20
maintaining immune balance the skin
2:22
microbiome actively communicates with
2:24
our immune system beneficial microbes
2:27
signal to immune cells helping train the
2:29
immune system to distinguish between
2:31
harmful invaders and normal skin
2:33
residents this communication helps
2:35
maintain a balanced immune response
2:38
preventing excessive inflammation while
2:40
still protecting against genuine
2:43
threats to summarize the skin microbiome
2:46
performs four critical ecological
2:48
functions occupying niches to prevent
2:51
pathogen attachment competing with
2:53
harmful microbes for resources producing
2:55
protective antimicrobial molecules and
2:58
maintaining balanced immune responses
3:01
gram positive bacteria are the most
3:03
abundant microbes found on human skin
3:06
they're characterized by their thick
3:07
cell wall that retains a violet dye
3:10
during gram staining let's examine the
3:13
five main types of gram positive
3:15
bacteria that dominate the skin
3:19
microbiome stafylocus is a common
3:21
grapositive bacterium on the skin
3:24
spherical bacteria that typically form
3:26
grape-like clusters found on all skin
3:28
surfaces particularly in oily areas
3:31
streptoccus is a common gram positive
3:33
bacterium on the skin spherical bacteria
3:36
arranged in chains commonly found in the
3:38
mouth and on moist skin surfaces
3:41
microcus is a common gram positive
3:43
bacterium on the skin spherical bacteria
3:46
arranged in tetrads found on dry skin
3:48
surfaces and can withstand harsh
3:50
conditions corinabacterium is a common
3:53
gram positive bacterium on the skin
3:55
club-shaped rod bacteria predominate in
3:58
moist areas like the armpit and groin
4:00
regions propionabacterium is a common
4:02
grandpositive bacterium on the skin
4:04
pleomorphic rod-shaped bacteria thrive
4:07
in sebaceous oily areas and hair
4:09
follicles key in acne formation
4:11
different gram positive bacteria
4:13
dominate different areas of the body
4:15
oily areas like the scalp and back host
4:18
propion bacterium while moist areas like
4:20
armpits and groin typically have more
4:22
corona bacterium stafylocus is found
4:25
across all skin
4:30
surfaces stafylocus epidermis is
4:33
particularly important for skin health
4:35
this beneficial bacteria competes with
4:37
harmful pathogens produces antimicrobial
4:40
compounds and helps maintain the skin's
4:42
ph balance it's also involved in
4:45
educating the immune system and creates
4:47
a protective barrier against
4:48
colonization by more harmful
4:56
microbes gram negative bacteria
4:58
represent a specialized group within the
5:00
skin microbiome primarily found in moist
5:03
areas of the body these bacteria have a
5:06
distinctive structure with two cell
5:08
membranes an inner and outer membrane
5:10
with a thin peptidoglycin layer between
5:13
them unlike gram positive bacteria that
5:15
dominate most skin surfaces gram
5:18
negative species prefer areas with
5:20
higher humidity these moist areas
5:22
include armpits the groin region and
5:24
spaces between toes where higher
5:27
humidity and warmth create favorable
5:29
conditions
5:31
common gram negative species found in
5:33
these areas include enrobacttor
5:35
klebsella ecoli and proteus species
5:38
several environmental factors favor the
5:40
growth of gram negative bacteria in
5:42
these specific skin regions it's
5:45
important to understand that while these
5:47
same bacterial species can cause
5:49
infections in other body systems they
5:52
are normal residents of moist skin areas
5:55
in a healthy skin ecosystem these gram
5:57
negative bacteria exist in balance with
6:00
other microorganisms contributing to the
6:02
overall diversity of the skin
6:05
microbiome fungi comprise a smaller but
6:08
crucial component of the skin's
6:10
microbial ecosystem though less numerous
6:13
than bacteria they play important roles
6:15
in skin health and homeostasis
6:19
the major fungal genera found on human
6:21
skin include candida malisesia
6:23
epidermapitan and aspergillis each has
6:26
distinct characteristics and ecological
6:29
niches let's focus on malisthesia
6:32
species which are the dominant fungi on
6:34
oily areas of the skin including the
6:36
scalp face and upper body malisesia are
6:39
lipopilic fungi meaning they rely on
6:42
skin oils called sebum for nutrition
6:44
these oils are produced by sebaceous
6:46
glands in the skin as sebum is secreted
6:49
onto the skin surface malisesia fungi
6:51
metabolize specific components of these
6:53
oils particularly fatty
6:55
acids when the balance of fungi on the
6:58
skin is disrupted various skin
7:00
conditions can develop let's compare a
7:03
balanced microbiome with fungal
7:05
overgrowth in a balanced microbiome
7:07
fungi like malisthesia coexist with
7:09
bacteria and other microorganisms in
7:12
appropriate proportions in contrast
7:14
fungal overgrowth occurs when conditions
7:17
favor excessive proliferation of fungi
7:19
disrupting the microbial balance this
7:22
imbalance can lead to various skin
7:23
conditions dandruff and sebetic
7:26
dermatitis are commonly associated with
7:28
malisthesia overgrowth while tenia
7:31
infections are caused by dermatopites
7:33
like
7:35
epidermapyon the skin microbiome serves
7:37
as a crucial protective barrier against
7:39
potential pathogens let's take a closer
7:42
look at the skin surface to understand
7:44
how this protective barrier
7:46
functions the skin is home to numerous
7:49
beneficial bacteria that form the first
7:51
line of defense one key protection
7:54
mechanism is physical space occupation
7:57
beneficial microbes physically occupy
7:59
the space on your skin blocking
8:01
potential pathogens from establishing
8:03
themselves this mechanism is known as
8:05
competitive exclusion where beneficial
8:08
microbes effectively crowd out harmful
8:11
ones beyond physical occupation
8:13
beneficial bacteria produce
8:15
antimicrobial compounds called
8:17
bacterioins these natural antibiotics
8:20
inhibit the growth of pathogenic
8:21
organisms providing chemical protection
8:24
alongside the physical barrier
8:28
the skin's defense is a sophisticated
8:31
multi-layered system where the
8:32
microbiome works alongside physical and
8:35
chemical barriers the outermost layer
8:37
provides a physical barrier of tightly
8:39
packed cells while antimicrobial
8:41
peptides and acids create a chemical
8:44
defense deeper in the skin immune cells
8:47
provide additional protection forming a
8:49
comprehensive defense system against
8:51
environmental threats in summary the
8:54
skin microbiome forms a living shield
8:56
that protects through multiple
8:58
mechanisms including space occupation
9:01
and antimicrobial compound production
9:03
this microbial shield is an essential
9:05
component of the skin's complex
9:07
defensive system helping to maintain
9:09
health and prevent
9:11
infection the skin microbiome plays a
9:13
crucial role in maintaining healthy skin
9:16
condition through several key mechanisms
9:18
normal skin flora forms a living
9:20
ecosystem on the skin surface where they
9:23
perform many beneficial
9:25
functions certain bacteria like propioni
9:28
bacterium break down sebum while others
9:31
metabolize sweat components this
9:33
metabolic activity prevents buildup of
9:35
these substances and helps maintain the
9:37
skin's naturally acidic ph balance
9:40
between 4.5 and 5.5
9:43
propionabacterium species are
9:45
particularly important for oil
9:46
regulation on the skin they metabolize
9:49
sebum produced by sebaceous glands this
9:52
breakdown process prevents excessive
9:54
oiliness and produces beneficial
9:56
byproducts including free fatty acids
9:58
antimicrobial peptides and natural
10:01
moisturizing
10:02
factors the microbiome significantly
10:05
contributes to skin hydration and
10:07
barrier function bacteria on the skin
10:10
surface interact with all layers of the
10:12
skin these microorganisms help maintain
10:15
proper hydration prevent water loss
10:17
through the skin enhance lipid
10:19
production and support ceramide
10:21
synthesis all critical for a healthy
10:23
skin
10:24
barrier a balanced microbiome is
10:27
strongly associated with clear
10:29
healthylook skin this balanced ecosystem
10:32
creates the optimal environment for skin
10:34
health the benefits include appropriate
10:36
moisture levels balanced oil production
10:39
stable ph resilient barrier function and
10:42
protection from harmful
10:50
pathogens the skin microbiome constantly
10:53
interacts with our immune system
10:55
creating a sophisticated relationship
10:57
that's crucial for our health dendritic
11:00
cells in the skin constantly sample the
11:02
microbiome collecting molecular
11:04
information from resident
11:06
microorganisms these dendritic cells
11:08
then communicate with t- cells and b
11:10
cells training them to recognize the
11:13
difference between harmful pathogens and
11:15
beneficial resident
11:17
microbes this constant dialogue helps
11:20
maintain immune tolerance to beneficial
11:22
microbes while still allowing for rapid
11:24
response to true pathogens
11:28
this relationship between the skin
11:30
microbiome and our immune system begins
11:32
at birth and continues to develop
11:34
throughout our lives at birth initial
11:37
microbial colonization begins through
11:40
infancy the immune system calibrates its
11:42
responses childhood brings increasing
11:44
microbial diversity adolescence adds
11:47
hormonal influences and by adulthood a
11:49
stable relationship is established this
11:52
lifelong dialogue between our skin
11:54
microbiome and immune system is
11:56
essential for maintaining skin health
11:58
and protecting against
12:02
infections the skin microbiome plays a
12:05
crucial role in wound healing with
12:07
specialized microorganisms helping to
12:09
repair damaged tissue and protect
12:11
against
12:12
infections wound healing progresses
12:15
through several phases inflammation
12:17
proliferation and maturation the skin
12:20
microbiome changes significantly
12:22
throughout this
12:23
process certain bacteria produce
12:26
beneficial compounds that actively
12:28
support wound healing for example
12:30
stafylocus epidermis produces
12:32
antimicrobial peptides that prevent
12:35
pathogen colonization other microbes
12:37
like propionabacterium produce
12:39
short-chain fatty acids that reduce
12:41
inflammation while coronabacterium
12:44
species produce enzymes that aid in
12:46
tissue
12:47
remodeling after skin injury the
12:50
microbiome goes through a recovery
12:51
process initially the wound site
12:54
experiences a dramatic disruption of the
12:56
normal microbial community around day
12:59
seven beneficial bacteria begin to
13:01
recolonize the wound area while
13:03
pathogenic microbes are gradually
13:05
reduced through competition and
13:07
antimicrobial activities by day 21 in a
13:11
properly healing wound the microbiome
13:13
approaches its pre-injjury state with a
13:15
healthy balance of diverse
13:17
microorganisms dominated by beneficial
13:20
species the recovery of the skin
13:22
microbiome is critically important for
13:25
several reasons first it prevents
13:27
opportunistic pathogens from
13:29
establishing infections by
13:31
reestablishing competitive inhibition
13:33
second beneficial bacteria produce
13:35
compounds that directly accelerate
13:37
tissue repair and epithelialization
13:40
finally a healthy microbiome helps
13:42
moderate the inflammatory response
13:45
preventing excessive inflammation that
13:47
could lead to chronic
13:49
wounds these insights into microbiome
13:51
recovery have important clinical
13:53
implications for wound care approaches
13:56
include probiotic therapies that
13:58
directly apply beneficial bacteria to
14:00
wounds selective antimicrobials that
14:02
preserve the beneficial microbiome and
14:05
prebiotic dressings that support
14:07
microbiome
14:11
recovery disruption and dispiosis occur
14:14
when the delicate balance of the skin
14:15
microbiome is
14:17
disturbed several factors can disrupt
14:19
the natural balance of our skin
14:21
microbiome these include excessive
14:23
cleanliness harsh soaps antibiotic use
14:26
environmental factors damage to the skin
14:29
barrier and even
14:31
stress when dispiosis occurs various
14:34
skin conditions can develop acne often
14:37
results from an overgrowth of
14:38
propionacterium aces bacteria eczema is
14:41
associated with reduced microbial
14:43
diversity and stafylocus orius
14:45
overgrowth fungal infections involve
14:47
malisthesia yeasts while rosacea may
14:50
involve both demodex mites and bacterial
14:55
imbalances rather than trying to
14:57
eliminate all microbes the key to skin
14:59
health is maintaining a proper balance
15:02
complete elimination of microbes is
15:04
neither possible nor desirable
15:06
beneficial bacteria help control
15:08
potential pathogens and the goal should
15:11
be to maintain a diverse and balanced
15:14
microbiome
15:15
here are some practical tips for
15:17
maintaining a healthy skin microbiome
15:20
first use gentle ph balanced cleansers
15:23
instead of harsh soaps that strip away
15:25
beneficial microbes limit antibiotic use
15:28
to when medically necessary as
15:29
antibiotics kill both good and bad
15:32
bacteria support your skin barrier with
15:34
moisturizers to prevent
15:36
dispiosis consider probiotic products
15:38
both topical and oral which may help
15:41
restore microbial balance and finally
15:43
avoid overwashing your skin as excessive
15:46
washing disrupts natural oils and
15:48
beneficial
15:50
microbes remember the key to skin health
15:52
is not about eliminating microbes but
15:55
maintaining a diverse and balanced
15:57
ecosystem that supports proper skin
15:59
function by understanding and nurturing
16:02
your skin's microbiome you can help
16:04
prevent dispiosis and promote healthier
16:06
skin
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