Up next in 10
A History of Scotland - S1 Ep3 - Bishop makes King
249 views
May 14, 2025
Oliver explores the role the Scottish church played in promoting Robert Bruce, the propaganda campaigns, both at home and abroad, and how the 1320 Declaration of Arbroath persuaded the Pope to recognize Scotland as an independent nation.
View Video Transcript
0:00
A summer drew to a close in 1305
0:10
so too, it seemed, did the history of the Scottish crown. King Edward I of England, Longshanks, the lawgiver
0:19
the hammer of the Scots, could have been forgiven for thinking that the Kingdom of Scotland was dead
0:25
William Wallace certainly was. He was food for the crows. And as for the King of Scotland, John Balliol, he wasn't much better
0:42
An absentee, exiled in France, a br... Edward was a keen chess player
0:48
As far as he was concerned, this was the end game. Yes, Scotland was dead
1:29
independence from England for nine long years. Edward I had secured significant victories
1:37
He had removed Scotland's king, John Balliol, from the throne with maximum dishonour
1:52
He had captured and killed Scotland's greatest military leader, William Wallace, with maximum
1:58
cruelty. There were some pockets of resistance left, but they were small, nothing to worry
2:07
about. So, job done. Edward owned Scotland. Enough with the iron fist, he could put the
2:16
velvet glove back on. In 1305, Edward set about what he hoped would be the final subjugation
2:21
subjugation of Scotland and he slipped out of character. He went about his business gently
2:36
Edward did deals with all of Scotland's leading men. He allowed Scotland's nobles to keep their lands as long as they swore loyalty to him as king
2:51
He did deals with Scotland's bishops too. But two of those bishops would be the very men who would mastermind a revolution
3:01
that would restore the Scottish crown. Bishop William Lamberton of St Andrews was a strategist, an intellect, a double dealer
3:14
And Bishop Robert Wishart of Glasgow had been fighting for Scotland's independence for almost 20 years
3:21
Edward should have strung them up with Wallace. The story of the bishops who would rebuild the Scottish crown
3:43
begins here in 1301, four years before Edward's final military victory. for it was in the tiny Italian hill town of Anangy
3:53
that the Pope now made his court. The Pope was the highest judge on earth
4:02
closer to God than emperors and kings. All earthly power came through him
4:11
The Catholic Church held every Christian soul in Western Europe in its grasp
4:15
Its spiritual powers were politics in disguise. The courts and streets of Ananyi would have been full not just of priests
4:25
but of diplomats and lawyers from every Christian kingdom. No one else but the Pope could set the final seal on Edward's success
4:37
So, in 1301, Edward sought the Pope's agreement that John Balliol was no king
4:43
on the grounds that there was no Scotland to be king of
4:50
The very existence of Scotland's crown was at stake. So that summer, a small party of Scottish priests
4:57
was sent to Ananyi to defend it. Priests with legal expertise, led by a man called Baldred Bissett
5:06
hand-picked to save the Scottish crown by Bishop William Lamberton. But it wasn't just the Scottish crown that Lamberton wanted him to save
5:17
English bishops largely did as they were told and the archbishops of York and Canterbury were subject to the English king
5:28
The English church was under Edward's thumb But in Scotland there was no archbishop
5:35
and the Scottish crown had never fully secured control over church appointments
5:39
Scotland's bishops had power that was independent of the Scottish crown and the privilege of direct appeal to the Pope himself
5:48
power and independence that could disappear if Scotland became an English province
5:53
It all meant nothing if there was no Scottish king If Scotland was to become just another English territory
6:00
then Scottish bishops would have to bend the knee, tug the forelock and pay the tithes
6:05
in Canterbury or in York and they didn't want to In fact, they were determined that they would not
6:13
So Bisset had his work cut out. A crown to save, the independence of his bishops too
6:23
Bisset brought with him a carefully prepared document, a legal brief. He had three basic arguments to make
6:32
First, he told a story. The Scots were descended from Noah. They had lived in Scythia, near the Black Sea, then Spain
6:40
One of their ancient kings had married an Egyptian princess called Scota, hence their name
6:46
So the Scots were unique. Not Irish, not Welsh. Most of all, not English
6:54
Second, Bisset reminded His Holiness that Scotland bore the title of Rome's special daughter
7:01
a status that required the Pope's protection. and third Bisset turned to the recent past
7:08
Edward I he said had wickedly maltreated our legitimate king exploited his absence
7:14
and our resultant weakness committed boundless atrocities against Scots both clerical and lay
7:19
peasant and noble male and female free Baleol said Bisset and let him return to Scotland as our king The Pope was persuaded It was time said the Pope to stop the hammering
7:38
He ordered the release of Balliol and let it be known that in his eyes he was the illustrious King of Scots
7:46
Bissett had saved the Scottish crown, but Balliol was totally demoralised and made no attempt to resume his rule
7:52
He took refuge in his family's lands in France. The Scots were lumbered with a useless king
8:05
For the bishops, defending the Scottish crown was no longer the problem
8:09
The problem was the king himself. How could he be replaced? It was Bishop Lamberton who took steps
8:17
He sought a secret meeting with a renowned Scottish philosopher, Duns Scotus
8:22
and Scotus outlined an idea with explosive implications. The real root of royal authority was not inheritance
8:31
True kingship was a contract between king and people, and when a king had failed, as Baliel had
8:38
his people could reject him and choose someone else instead. At last, Scotland's bishops could begin to look for someone to replace John Baliel
8:53
But time was running out. Edward was getting close to finishing his conquest of Scotland
9:03
Edward had no idea that Scotland's bishops were looking for a king who could resist him
9:09
He busied himself with the last moves in his final victory over Scotland's crown
9:15
He spared no expense. His siege of Stirling Castle was getting nowhere
9:23
so in 1304 Edward took his spending spree one step further He ordered a new siege engine
9:57
a monstrous catapult of a kind known as a trebuchet. He already had several, the instruments of other bitter victories
10:10
This new machine was christened Warwolf. It was the largest trebuchet ever built
10:14
and its component parts were transported in 27 separate wagons. It was a weapon of terror
10:21
For a counterweight, Edward used lead, stolen from the roofs of local churches
10:27
The hapless defenders of Stirling Castle watched as this monstrosity took shape beneath their walls
10:32
and they surrendered. Edward ignored them. He wanted to see Warwolf at work
10:38
He even had a little shelter built so that the ladies of the court could watch
10:43
The conquest of Scotland had become entertainment. Warwolf's first shot shattered a section of the castle's curtain wall
10:58
The ladies were duly impressed. But Edward was attacking the wrong building
11:10
He should have aimed at the Abbey of Cambus Kenneth, no more than a mile away
11:14
As the walls of Stirling Castle fell, Bishop William Lamberton held another secret meeting there
11:22
This time with the future King of Scotland. Two families had claims to the crown
11:29
The Cummins were led by John Cummins, Lord of Badenach. The Cummins had lands all over Scotland, but they were blood relations of John Balliol
11:38
and John Cummins himself was a stickler. A scrupulous man, a doer by the book
11:45
It would be difficult to get him involved in something that sounded dangerously like the usurpation of the throne
11:50
But there was another family, another claim. There was a man who nursed the secret but unshakable conviction
11:58
that the crown should have been given to his grandfather, not John Balliol
12:03
And so Robert the Bruce believed that the crown was now rightfully his
12:10
But until now, he'd had no idea how to go about getting it
12:15
Like Lamberton, he was at this point a vassal of the English king, but his loyalty to the family claim was considerably greater
12:29
At Cambus Kenneth, de Bruce and Lamberton signed a bond. They have agreed faithfully to be of one another's counsel
12:37
in all their business and affairs at all times and against whichever individuals
12:43
There can only have been one subject discussed, one purpose for the contract
12:47
Lamberton and the Bruce had agreed that he should take the throne with the church's help
12:53
There was no mention of this in the contract, of course. Writing down such a plan would have been suicidally unwise
13:00
Secrecy was vital. So the penalty for the failure of either party to keep to the terms
13:06
was set at the fantastically high sum of £10,000. £10,000, the price of silence
13:15
Until the time was right. But Robert the Bruce was already 29
13:25
and he was not noted for his patience. For just over 18 months, he managed to hold his tongue
13:31
Then it started wagging to the man the church had chosen not to choose
13:36
John Cumming. On Thursday, the 10th of February, 1306, the Sheriff Court was in attendance at Dumfries Castle
13:47
Edwards sheriffs, Edwards justice. As for the King himself, it was widely known
13:53
that he was lying ill in an English monastery. Everyone of any importance for miles around was in attendance
14:01
So it was perfectly natural for the Bruce and Cummon to be in town. Their seats were local
14:07
They could meet, and the Bruce could try to introduce John Cummon to a truth he wouldn't like at all
14:13
The bishops want me to be king. They met at Greyfriars Church in Dumfries and embraced
14:24
Previous meetings between the two had been less cordial. Seven years before, they'd shaken each other gently by their throat
14:30
So today they stood on ceremony. They were on their best behaviour
14:37
It's almost certain that the bishops suggested such a meeting. It made perfect sense, after all
14:43
for the Bruce to attempt to persuade John Cummins to support his claim
15:00
Rock It didn make sense for the Bruce to kill him Leaving Cumming for dead, the Bruce and his men went to the Sheriff's Court to break it up, which was open rebellion
15:19
While he was there, the Bruce received news that the Cumming was not dead
15:23
so he sent a follower back to Greyfriars Church to finish him off
15:36
This was ugly. This would be hard to spin. He had murdered someone in a church
15:48
The sin alone was deadly. The place he had committed it, God's house
15:52
that made it infinitely worse. He faced ruin, certain excommunication, expulsion from the Catholic Church
16:01
And if he died whilst excommunicated, he would be damned eternally. It was a steep price to pay for an impulsive act
16:14
his immortal soul. I have spilled the blood of an innocent man
16:22
Man, man, man, man, man The Bruce fled here, to Glasgow Cathedral
16:36
to Bishop Robert Wishart, Lamberton's co-conspirator Wishart will have been displeased, to say the least
16:44
It was too early. Almost certainly, the bishops had wanted to wait for Edward's death
16:50
The Bruce had ruined that. Their cover was blown. Nevertheless, Wishart absolved the Bruce of blood guilt
17:01
He had no choice. They were in too deep. Then, Wishart made the Bruce swear an oath
17:08
An oath that as king he would always remain obedient to the wishes of the Scottish clergy
17:14
A shameful reminder of his recent crime. A tug at the leash
17:18
And then it started. Wishart preached. He launched the Bruce, the church's candidate
17:27
He told his flock, this Robert the Bruce will be Robert I
17:31
He is your king. This is a crusade, he told them. A holy war
17:37
Fight for him. As swiftly and as secretly as possible, Wishart and Lamberton planned the inauguration of the Bruce as King of Scots
17:51
Rumours that Scotland's upstart bishops were about to make a king reached Edward
17:56
Edward was angry, but he wasn't worried
18:09
He had it all sewn up. He'd found out everything the Scots needed to make a king and stolen it
18:15
He'd taken the Stone of Destiny, he'd taken the Black Rood of St Margaret, he'd even taken Earl of Fife, who had the privilege of crowning Scottish kings
18:22
but on March 25th 1306 the bishops went ahead regardless and made their king
18:30
Scotland had a real king once more but there was no time to celebrate
18:36
no parties, no pavilions, no parliaments King Robert returned to the common lands
18:41
in the south west to secure them Bishop Wishart marched to Cooper Castle in Fife
18:47
he took it, as the English later said like a man of war
18:51
which is exactly what he was. By the end of the first week of April
18:57
Edward had appointed an agent in Scotland. Edward ordered him to raise dragon
19:02
the banner which signified no quarter no prisoners, no mercy, no rules at all
19:16
And the English rode north Wishart and Lamberton were swiftly captured The English regained Cooper Castle and moved towards Perth
19:28
Robert I rode to meet them, with all the forces at his disposal
19:35
King Robert camped in the woods above Methven on the 18th of June. He had failed to draw the English out from Perth to a pitched battle
19:41
in the accepted sporting style of medieval chivalry, so he would try again tomorrow
19:46
but the dragon banner was flying for the English chivalry was by the by
19:53
they approached under cover of darkness it was a rout a slaughter
19:58
Robert and a few hundred survivors
20:10
dragged themselves west his wife Elizabeth was still with them his daughter and his sisters too
20:16
so he sent the women north hoping they might find refuge in Norway
20:23
But they were captured and handed over to Edward. Robert and his remnant suffered a further defeat at Tindrum
20:30
a defeat that must have seemed final. So the King of Scotland was forced to flee still further west
20:37
to Denaverty at the very tip of the Muller-Kintyre. There was no land left to run to
20:45
He put to sea and disappeared. He must have sailed with the bitter knowledge that his crown was proving costly
21:03
Bruce's wife and daughter were confined in convents. He would not see his wife again for eight years
21:14
Back on the mainland, Edward indulged himself in an orgy of executions
21:26
One of the victims was Robert's brother, Neil. Hung, drawn, quartered, as Wallace had been
21:34
The news of his brother's excruciating death will have bitten deep. Perhaps this misfortune meant that God didn't want him to be king
21:42
For six months, Robert the Bruce remained in hiding. In 1828, Walter Scott pulled all the strands of myth and hearsay together
21:51
and gave the Bruce an encouraging spider for comfort. But it was just a story
21:58
Where he fled to precisely is not known. Ardnum Urchin is the current favourite
22:03
but wherever he went, Sir Walter was right about one thing. The Bruce had a decision to make, whether to give up or go on
22:10
He had connections. One of his sisters was the Queen of Norway
22:14
He could have hidden there, but that would have left his wife, his other sisters, his daughter and all his bishops in captivity
22:21
It would have left his supporters, his friends and his brother dead and unprayed for in purgatory or worse What sort of choice was that He chose to fight on
22:42
He gathered a force of Irishmen and Hebrideans and landed secretly at Turnberry in Ayrshire
22:47
towards the end of February in 1307. By the beginning of March
22:51
two more of his brothers were dead at English hands. The price of Robert's throne was rising
23:00
He took his forces, his anger and his grief into the broken lands of south-west Scotland
23:05
He wasn't hiding, he was learning how to fight. He had no more than a few hundred men, hardly any knights
23:12
He only had spearmen, foot soldiers and no intention whatsoever of following Wallace to an early grave
23:19
So, he could only wait until the English were where he wanted them to be
23:23
and then surprise them. In April, Robert and a force of 300 men
23:31
surprised an English force of 1,500 here beside Loch Trul in Galloway
23:36
It was an unpleasant surprise. There was no room for cavalry to manoeuvre and nothing for the English to do
23:41
except trip each other up and die. So they ran away. So this was victory
23:48
The Bruce enjoyed the taste. But was it a fluke, a one-off
23:53
It might be. By May, Robert was in Ayrshire. The land was full of the level playing fields that knights adored
24:02
The Bruce chose Loudon Hill instead. The Bruce had a few more men to work with now, about 600
24:12
and he put them to work gilding the lily, digging trenches to further reduce the opportunities for a wide assault
24:18
narrowing them down to a point. On the 10th of May, the English approached
24:22
3,000 strong. They charged. Then they found out about the valley and the trenches
24:30
They lost their elbow room. A lot of them lost their horses as well
24:34
When the Bruce and his men attacked, it was with such terrible violence
24:38
that those English troops at the rear, those not yet engaged, decided not to engage at all
24:43
They broke and ran. It was no fluke. Robert I was a winner
24:50
God was on his side. God had also had enough of Longshanks, the lawgiver, the slaughterer of Scots
25:01
Angered by the failure of his much larger forces to crush the Bruce, Edward dragged himself out of his sickbed and ordered his armies to muster at Carlisle
25:10
But he was iller than he thought, and older too. This is as far as he got, the sands and marsh of the Solway Firth
25:20
He died within sight of Scotland. But the covetous king did not go gently
25:26
He asked his son to send his heart to the Holy Land on crusade, but his bones would go with the army to Scotland to finish the business
25:40
The king is dead. Long live the king. Longshank's bones weren't up to the task
25:49
But they weren't the problem. Edward II was. He had his father's temper, but nothing else
25:57
Not his intelligence, or his learning, or his tactical gifts. His first act as king was to disobey his father's orders
26:03
concerning the disposition of his various body parts. He simply dropped Dad off at Waltham Abbey to await proper burial
26:11
Then, in his own good time, he joined the English army in Scotland
26:15
On arrival, he learned they'd been badly provisioned, So he marched them south for a good square meal
26:24
He would leave the Scots in peace, by and large, for the next three years
26:29
And now, the Bruce had a job to do. Edward's job. He had some Scots to slaughter
26:36
The Cumann family and their many supporters were still loyal to the Balliol claim
26:41
There was only one thing to do with such opposition. Kill it
26:47
He left the borders to his increasingly trusted lieutenant, James Douglas. Himself, he marched north, accompanied by his brother, Edward
26:59
The Bruce's campaign gathered momentum as he moved up the Great Glen
27:07
His forces were never large, although by now they had a reputation
27:13
His tactics were thorough and unpleasant. He reduced one common castle after another
27:21
He reduced them to rubble. He killed the occupants. He burnt Nairn to the ground
27:26
A ruined castle, after all, was no use to the Cummins. No use to the English if they returned
27:32
And no use to a king who had settled on a strategy. Hit and run
27:39
Right now, the Bruce had no use for castles. Castles meant you couldn't move
27:44
So burn the castle, fill the well, move on. It took him just two months
27:52
By November, he was in the northeast. His forces now joined by those of the Bishop of Murray
27:57
Another man of war, Bishop Murray. The vestments were just for weak ends
28:03
And then, the king is ill. The Bruce's illness was nameless, mysterious
28:11
It left him weak as a kitten. There was no medicine to hand, no doctor
28:16
He grew steadily weaker as the days passed. The king is dying
28:31
It was winter. The army was perilously close to running out of food
28:36
The Earl of Buchan, cousin of the murdered John Cummon, had gathered a sizable force and was waiting for the moment to attack
28:43
The Bruce's forces withdrew into the highlands. The king was taken to a castle, to die, some thought
29:00
And then, magically, as spring came, the king recovered. He returned to the slaughter
29:07
He came here to Barra Hill near Aberdeen. The Earl of Buchan had dug himself in at the summit
29:13
amidst the remnants of an Iron Age hillfort. It was, he thought, an impregnable location
29:22
He was wrong. By now, the Bruce's reputation rode ahead of him
29:27
The Earl of Buchan lost his cavalry to simple terror. Then he lost the battle too
29:33
John Cumann, Earl of Buchan, last of the Cumann nobility. fled to England. He was dead within the year
29:41
There were still supporters of the Cummins to exterminate. King Robert rode north
29:47
He came to Duffus Castle and the Bruce laid waste. Then he sent his brother Edward eastward into Buchan, the heartland of coming power
30:06
The Bruce did not forgive it. On his orders, such damage was done that the land was infertile for a generation
30:14
But it was not the land he damaged. He didn't just burn the crops. That would have made the land fertile in the coming year
30:23
He ordered the slaughter of the livestock, and not only the animals, but those who tended them
30:27
and who grew the crops, men, women and children. Parts of Buchan were left barren for a generation
30:34
because there was no-one left alive. I have spilt the blood of innocent men
30:47
Men. Men. Men. By March of 1309, the Bruce had crushed resistance almost everywhere in Scotland
31:01
In the July of the previous year, the Pope had lifted his ban of excommunication
31:06
So he was officially back in the fold, one of the saved, at least for the time being
31:11
Now it was time to get on with the business of kingship. Here at St Andrews, in a cathedral hearing completion after 150 years
31:19
he called his first parliament. It was a funny sort of Parliament by modern standards
31:28
It only lasted two days and only really did two pieces of business
31:33
Day one, Parliament replied to a letter from the King of France who wanted the Scots to go with him on crusade
31:39
Not just yet, said Parliament. We're busy. Day two, Parliament issued an open letter called the Declaration of the Clergy
31:50
It's not a famous document, but it should be. The Declaration of the Clergy published for the first time
31:59
the ideas that Scotland's bishops had borrowed from Duns Scotus. With great cunning, it wove into Scotland's recent history
32:07
the idea that a king could be chosen. And it did it as though everyone should always have known
32:13
that such a thing could be. The clergy and the people, seeing the virtue of Robert the Bruce, had agreed upon him
32:21
and, with their concurrence and consent, he was raised to be king
32:27
It's a very important document indeed. It sounds almost revolutionary, but in 1309, the people really meant the important people
32:37
the nobility, the clergy, the community of the realm, not the peasants or the drinkers down the pub
32:43
No, the declaration was written for the people, not by the people, because the people were meant to listen to it
32:55
It was preached in churches, it was copied, it was shown around, it was repeated
32:58
It was the party line from Robert's faithful support and prop, the Scottish Church
33:04
The declaration of the clergy was stage two in Robert's conquest of Scotland
33:19
An attempt to persuade the doubters, and there were still many, that Robert was indeed the rightful king
33:25
This was good, but was it good enough? The sheer scale of the Bruce's task was becoming clear
33:33
His kingship was still in question. He was not a legend yet
33:39
Three things needed to be done if he was going to make the throne safe for himself and for his male heir
33:45
One, he had to secure the loyalty of all of Scotland's nobles
33:49
and eject the English from any significant holdings. Two, he had to force the English king
33:55
to accept the independent status of his throne. And three, he had to father a male heir
34:02
He hadn't even finished task one and his wife was still in English hands
34:08
So no chance of an heir then, or not a legitimate one at least
34:12
But before all of these things, he must become unquestionable. He must become a legend
34:19
And for that, he would have to wait five years. He would have to wait for Bannockburn
34:26
By the spring of 1314, the Bruce had almost completed his first task
34:36
Only Stirling and Berwick castles remained in English hands. Edward II began raising an army to re-conquer Scotland
34:51
Edward mustered his forces at Berwick on the 10th of June. 15,000 foot soldiers, between 2,500 and 3,000 horse
35:01
Edward's nobles were mostly absent, and they hadn't sent as many knights as he would have liked either
35:06
So not exactly a vote of confidence then, but no matter. Edward had more than enough confidence in himself
35:12
to make up the shortfall. They rode north. The Scottish forces mustered in the Tor Wood, south of Stirling
35:21
The numbers bore no comparison. 500 light horse, about 6,000 foot. But size isn't everything
35:28
By now, the Bruce's army was used to war. The men were used to each other
35:35
His brother Edward, James the Black Douglas, Thomas Randolph, the Earl of Moray
35:40
were experienced, battle-hardened men. And the foot soldiers of the Scottish army
35:45
had learned to fight in shiltrums, packed together in close order, with spears and shields permanently presented
35:51
like tanks, but made of human bodies. By Saturday 22nd June, the Bruce had chosen where to fight
35:59
He'd had a lot of practice by now. He chose wisely. The edges of New Park, near the Bannockburn
36:06
The trees limited cavalry action, and to the south-east, the ground was broken by streams and burns and rills
36:14
On either side of the road leading to the New Park, the Bruce modified the terrain
36:19
Just as he had done at Loudoun Hill, he made the ground treacherous for his foes
36:23
this time by ordering the digging of innumerable pits disguised with grass and branches
36:28
These would snap the legs of the English horse. The English army itself made camp to the north, and night fell
36:40
The next morning was a Sunday, so the Scots began it with a mass
36:45
The Bishop of Dunkeld presided, and when the mass was finished, he will have got his weapons ready
36:55
This would be the reckoning, the payment. For the Bruce had lost brothers and friends family and priests His wife and daughter dear to him had been imprisoned And those who gave allegiance to him had lost still more
37:10
And now the English king was here, no more than a hundred yards away
37:15
He would be made to pay. He must be made to pay. The English opened with their knights
37:25
as was traditional, a massed cavalry charge. And one of the knights, Henry de Boone
37:31
found himself charging an isolated figure off to the side of his soldiers
37:36
An isolated figure wearing a crown. He lowered his lance and galloped forward
37:42
This was his chance at immortality. But the Bruce dodged it. He rose up in his stirrups and with a single blow of his battle axe
37:49
split de Boone's skull from crown to chin. With that one stroke, the Bruce became legend
38:14
The Shiltrams held. They pushed forward. The English cavalry were sent in again
38:19
but the Earl of Murray's Shiltram forced them back. And that was the story of Bannockburn
38:27
For two days, the Scottish children held and then pressed forward, hemmed the English in for slaughter
38:34
And on the second day, the English had had enough. So they did what had now become the traditional thing
38:40
when faced with a Scottish army, its feet and spears firmly planted on the ground
38:46
They ran away. The Scots got down to the profitable business of taking prisoners
38:53
and Edward took to flight Robert had too few mounted men to send a sizeable number in pursuit
38:59
so Edward escaped Check, but not checkmate The hall was impressive
39:11
Robert was able to trade his prisoners He recovered Bishop Wishart, 74 years old and blind
39:18
his daughter, his sister, and best of all, Elizabeth, his queen. Eight years of captivity had left their mark
39:28
and Robert will have known that what she'd suffered was his fault
39:32
All for his costly throne. All for his legend. In the history books and by the firesides
39:41
the scale of the victory would swell, just as the tails would grow taller
39:46
In fact, by the 20th century, the king himself had grown by two feet
39:52
But the facts were rather bleaker. Only the task of removing the English from Scotland was near completion
40:00
The attempt to produce a male heir could now begin, but it was perfectly possible that Queen Elizabeth might prove barren
40:08
Bannockburn had given him his legend, but it had changed nothing else
40:22
The road to Scotland's independence seemed very long and it was blocked
40:28
Progress now depended on Edward II who had no reason to make any concessions of any kind at all
40:35
For four long years, the Scots raided English territories in the north of England
40:39
Ireland too. Robert lost his last remaining brother, Edward Bruce. All in vain
40:47
Edward took no notice. He didn't need to. He couldn't beat the Bruce on a battlefield
40:55
so he'd changed the game. He'd started playing by the rules that Scotland's bishops used
41:01
He had gone to the Pope. and the new Pope was desperate to restore papal prestige
41:09
by sending all the major crowns of Europe on crusade kings who caused petty national squabbles would not be tolerated
41:16
in 1318 the Scots discovered that the English had convinced the Pope
41:21
that the war between England and Scotland was Scotland's fault Robert, his lieutenants and his bishops were all excommunicated
41:33
In addition, the Pope ordered that in every English church three times a day a ceremony was to be held
41:40
at which the name of Bruce was cursed The news will have been bitter
41:51
as the curses rose from every English church the Bruce came to St Andrew's Cathedral for its day of consecration
42:01
Almost 700 years ago, the Bruce stood here, along with his old mentor, William Lamberton
42:07
but without Wishart, who had died two years before. He watched as these marks were made
42:13
A generous annuity for the new cathedral was announced. He was pious, desperately so
42:19
The Bruce's spending on things like this, churches, chantries, monasteries and chapels was increasing
42:26
Generous grants were made to institutions dedicated to St Andrew, St Philan, St Thomas, St Ninian
42:35
His people called him Good King Robert, but Good King Robert wasn't so sure
42:41
He wanted the saints to intercede on his behalf. Those English curses didn't seem quite empty, not at least to the man they were intended for
42:51
The fate of the Scottish crown was back in the hands of the papacy
42:57
and the Scottish clergy once again was the Bruce's only hope. In April 1320, a Scottish knight set off for the papal court
43:07
He was a postman of sorts. He carried with him three letters
43:12
All were written here in Arbroath Abbey. One was from King Robert, one was from the bishops
43:19
and the third was from the nobles of Scotland. Only the letter from the nobles survives, and it's now known as the Declaration of Arbroath
43:29
It has become a very famous document. Some people see it as an astonishingly precocious manifesto for national and democratic freedom
43:39
Some Americans argue that you can see its influence in their own Declaration of Independence
43:46
In 1320, it was a hard-nosed reply to English spin, and it spun pretty hard itself
43:53
Of course, it wasn't the nobles who actually wrote it. This was ventriloquism
43:58
with the noble dummy sat firmly on the bishop knee It was a potted history and a brandished fist of a document The Pope must have enjoyed reading it
44:15
First, it summarised the arguments of Baldrick Bissett's brief. We are an ancient people. We are Rome's special daughter
44:25
Second, it asserted that Robert the Bruce, by due consent and assent of us all
44:30
had freed them from the English yoke. But if he should submit to the English
44:35
we Scots will drive him out and make some other man who was well able to defend us our king
44:41
For as long as but a hundred of us remain alive, never will we be brought under English rule
44:47
It is in truth not for glory, nor riches, nor honours that we are fighting
44:51
but for freedom, for that alone, which no honest man gives up but with life itself
45:00
So, the idea of Dunscotus, that kingship is contractual, with added brass neck and a generous pinch of broadsword
45:10
had finally reached the papal court. But it hadn't finished yet. It added that it was the English, not the Scots
45:17
who were making excuses for not going on crusade, and that if his holiness didn't do something to stop them
45:22
then his holiness would be blamed by God for the slaughter of bodies and perdition of souls
45:27
that would inevitably follow. Cheeky. The Pope replied in August
45:43
The letters, astonishingly, had had the desired effect. The excommunications were suspended
45:49
Better still, Pope John wrote to Edward and told him to end the conflict and negotiate
45:55
Edward agreed with an ill grace. The treaty negotiations were to take place at Bamboura in Northumberland in the March of 1321
46:05
So, in March, the envoys began to gather. The papacy and the French king sent agents too
46:13
It was a farce, a drain blocked with all the old arguments
46:18
The English wheeled out the ancient story of immemorial English ownership of the Scottish crown
46:25
The Scots replied with creaky chunks of bisset and a generous helping of the Declaration
46:30
adding for good measure that the entire Norman and Plantagenet dynasty was itself illegitimate
46:36
stemming, as it did, from the foreign usurpation of 1066, an invasion led by someone the Scots chose to refer to as William the
46:46
The true and legitimate claim on the English crown, said the Scots, lay with the House of Wessex
46:51
whose sole living representative was one Robert I of Scotland. The Bambara negotiations came to nothing
47:02
A letter confirming Robert's excommunication arrived a month later. Stalemate. And after that, for six years, it was Groundhog Day for Robert the Bruce
47:14
Every time the Scots secured concessions at the papal court, Edward successfully got them undone
47:20
The only day that delivered any variety was the 5th of March 1324
47:24
when Queen Elizabeth was delivered of a healthy baby boy. Someone to give Scotland to, someone of his blood
47:32
a miraculous male heir, David. The Queen was 35, the King was 50
47:44
For those days, it was near enough to miraculous. But did it matter
48:00
Every morning the Bruce awoke to find the English king unchanged. The Bruce's Groundhog Day lasted until the 20th of January 1327
48:14
when Edward II was deposed. Edward was removed from the throne by his wife, Isabella France
48:20
and her lover, Roger Mortimer with the tacit approval of an English nobility
48:25
that was heartily sick of Edward's incompetence, favouritism rumoured homosexuality and corruption
48:32
His son, the Prince of Wales, just 14 years old was crowned King Edward III a little less than two weeks later
48:42
This was good news This was an opportunity. But King Robert, once again, was ill
48:51
He remained active, but sometimes he was active almost in effigy, carried around from place to place, paralysed, like a statue of himself
49:00
The illness came and went, but it came more and went less as time passed
49:07
An eyewitness in July said the king was so ill he could scarce move anything but his tongue
49:13
But it was time for one last effort, or this great opportunity would be lost
49:18
And so, miraculously, in August, the king was well enough to lay siege to Norham Castle
49:23
while Murray and Douglas made assaults on the castles at Annick and Workworth
49:30
All of these sieges in Northumbria sent a message loud and clear
49:34
The Scots, quite possibly, were about to take the north of England
49:39
The threat was real. The English folded. On the 18th of October, whilst at Berwick, Robert issued his conditions
49:49
The King of England must recognise his throne and the independence of the Scottish crown in perpetuity
49:56
To seal the deal, his son David was to marry the King of England's sister, Joan
50:01
The English hummed and hawed, but there was little doubt that they would accept all of the important points
50:08
The Bruce had won. Queen Elizabeth of Scotland died nine days later
50:34
She was sure of her husband's success, but she was not alive to see it
50:40
The Bruce's blessings were usually mixed. The peace was finally concluded at the Monastery of Holyrood
50:49
where the Bruce lay ill, on the 17th of March, 1328. One of the English promises was to return the Stone of Destiny
50:58
His earls were in attendance, his bishops too, including William Lamberton, who had chosen him
51:05
with whom he signed a very different document 24 years before and without whom very likely none of them would have been there at all Lamberton died two months later
51:26
On the 12th of July, in accordance with the second of Robert's treaty conditions
51:30
David, who was only four, and the Princess Joan, who was six, were married in Berwick Church
51:39
Neither king was in attendance. One was too angry. The other was too ill
51:49
Peace at last. After 32 years of struggle and bloodshed, the Pope let it be known that he recognised the Scottish throne
51:58
and he lifted the ban of excommunication from King Robert. The Pope was onside
52:04
The gates of hell were firmly shut. King Robert, you might think, could be sure of salvation
52:11
But he wasn't. Guilt weighed heavily on him. His nameless illness assured him that he still lacked God's grace
52:19
The crown was his. He wouldn't be parted from it, but it was steeped in blood
52:23
The blood of his family and the blood of others. He arranged for a chaplain in Buchan to say masses for his brother Neil
52:31
dead since 1306, and made Granstead and Firmland Abbey, where his wife lay buried
52:38
The Bruce and his advisers judged the time was ripe to ask for something
52:41
that every European monarchy of status possessed. An ampulla, a bottle of sacred oil, blessed by the Pope himself
52:50
Oil from such bottles was used to anoint kings at their coronations
52:58
Any attempt to conquer the lands of a king who, by virtue of this oil, had been anointed by God, was a mortal sin
53:06
The English kings had an ampulla, the French did too, but the Scottish kings didn't, and they wanted one
53:12
It was more than any mere status symbol. It was a bottle full of independence from the English king
53:18
His illness grew worse The King is dying, people said Nobody knew what he was dying of
53:26
but this time it was true He had just three months to live
53:30
but he went on pilgrimage struggled down the south west coast of Scotland
53:34
to the shrine of St Ninian in Whithorn Cathedral Too sick to ride, the warrior King was carried on a litter
53:42
The journey took a month When he arrived, Robert the Bruce mortally ill and on the edge of the abyss did penance. He fasted and did penance for five days
53:54
After all, the church had got him his crown. Surely now God would take him back
54:03
God forgive me, I have spilled the blood of many innocent men
54:08
On his return, he gathered his earls around him and he spoke to them
54:17
My day is far gone, he said. I thank God for giving me time to repent in this life
54:23
Because of me and my wars, much blood has been spilt. Many innocent men have died
54:28
So I take this sickness and pain as proper penance for my sins
54:32
And he let it be known that after his death, he wanted his heart to be removed and taken on crusade
54:38
Robert knew he would never live to go himself, but the Scots had been promising the Pope a crusade since 1320
54:47
Robert died on the 7th of June, 1329. He was 55 years old
54:53
The illustrious King of Scots was buried here, at Dunfermline Abbey, near his wife
55:00
The dead king, and the first king of something that had never existed before
55:05
The very word Scots meant something different. There was a Scottish people now, loyal to a Scottish throne
55:12
No more confusion, no more divided loyalties. The bishops and the Bruce had done their job
55:18
It was a revolution. The king is dead. Long live the king
55:29
His five-year-old son David succeeded Robert the Bruce on 7th June 1329
55:35
The following year, James Douglas took the Bruce's heart on crusade against the Moors in northern Spain and died there
55:43
The heart, having fulfilled its promise, was found on the battlefield, returned to Scotland and buried in Melrose Abbey
55:54
After his death, the legend of the Bruce did what legends do
55:58
It ate things up. It ate the human being. All that was left was Robert the Bruce, the soldier king who fought for Scottish liberty and won
56:07
It left a suit of armour and this face, resolute and empty
56:14
The legend hid his consuming guilt. It rarely mentioned the bishops who'd chosen him and who had guided his every step
56:23
It barely muttered the names of his lost family. It shrunk the Scottish casualties and multiplied the English armies he had defeated
56:31
It blurred the medievalness of what he did. It made it about liberty for all, instead of a revolution that established a free and independent Scottish crown
56:48
On November 24th, 1331, David and Joan were enthroned as King and Queen of Scotland
56:54
There was no stone of destiny. Edward III had promised to return it and hadn't
57:00
But at last there was an ampulla of sacred oil from the Pope. The bottle of independence from the English crown. Final proof of the Bruce's triumph
57:10
Final proof that the Scottish crown was free and quit of English authority
57:15
Final proof that the reign of good King Robert had been worth everything
57:20
All the deaths and horror. Freedom from the English crown at last
57:25
Forever. The next English invasion was in 1332. So much for bottles and for promises
#Education