What happens before your code even runs?
Oct 31, 2025
These sources provide a comprehensive overview of the program lifecycle from source code to execution, focusing heavily on the often-invisible stages before a program's main() function is called. The articles explain the role of compilers, which use a frontend to generate an intermediate representation (IR) and a backend to produce optimized machine code, often following a highly common modular design. This machine code is then processed by the linker, which performs symbol resolution to combine object files and libraries into a final executable file, resolving references to functions and variables. Finally, the loader, an essential part of the operating system, is responsible for placing this executable into virtual memory—often involving memory mapping—allocating essential resources like the stack and heap, and executing the program's startup code (like _start or crt0.o) before finally transferring control to main().
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