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How to know what’s fake on social media? In this video, Prof. Darren Linvill from Clemson University Media Forensics Hub explains how disinformation works, common tactics of political propaganda, the role of trolls, hashtags, and how to spot fake news.
00:00 - Introduction
00:38 - About Prof. Darren Linvill
01:09 - About political disinformation and propaganda
01:55 - Russian trolls and disinformation tactics
04:26 - Chinese trolls and disinformation strategies
07:56 - About positive online reviews
09:49 - How to fact-check the information online
14:43 - Disinformation around COVID-19
21:05 - Russian propaganda around Ukraine-Russia war
23:55 - Russian social media disinformation
31:25 - How to avoid media disinformation
More information about Prof. Darren Linvill: https://news.clemson.edu/our-experts/darren-linvill/
#fakenews #misinformation #disinformation #socialmedia #pissedconsumer #experttalkswithpissedconsumer
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0:00
Now let's begin with some fake news
0:02
There has never been a time in human history where information is as readily available as it is today
0:10
Do you want to know what it is? Guys, we have Darren Linwell with us, associate professor at Clemson University Media Forensic Hub
0:25
Darren specializing in social media disinformation and misinformation. And I assume Darren will tell us a little bit about himself
0:35
Introduce yourself, Darren, please, to our viewers. As you said, I'm an associate professor here at Clemson
0:41
I'm in the Department of Communication. And I'm also lead researcher in Clemson University's Media Forensics Hub
0:50
I've been studying social media for close to 15 years now. but specifically exploring disinformation and misinformation and the tactics and strategies of state actors in particular around disinformation for the past five years
1:08
Political disinformation, political propaganda. What are the strategies that companies utilize, that state actors utilize to disinform people about things
1:24
Yeah, sure. It can take a lot of forms. And it really depends on the particular actor and their goals. You know, not all strategies work for depending on the context
1:38
So let me answer that question by sort of juxtaposing two different actors in this space, the Russians and the Chinese, and what we often see from each of these groups
1:51
So Russia engages in disinformation in a very artis way. They will create accounts from the ground up, you know, starting from zero followers on a particular social media platform
2:07
And they will integrate that account into a particular online community, purporting to be a member of that community and gain followers slowly over time
2:19
And as they do that, they'll try to pull that community slowly in a particular direction
2:27
Historically, they've done this in English language conversations here in the United States, famously around the 2016 election
2:35
But here at Clemson, we were identifying accounts that we attributed very likely to the Russian Internet Research Agency in as recently as 2020
2:47
Communicating in English. Maybe you speak at me for a minute, Kul. Um, I'll be right back, okay
2:52
But we know that the Russians also do this mostly, in fact, in Russia
2:58
They create accounts that purport to be Russian nationalist pro-Putin accounts and integrate themselves into those communities online
3:05
and then pull those communities in a particular direction. Basically, pushing particular narratives, particular conversations
3:14
that the community they're communicating to might already be inclined to believe
3:21
Now, this is what we normally think of when we think of a classic Russian troll
3:29
But what classic Russian trolls don't do is they don't really go out there looking for a fight
3:35
Mostly they're communicating to people who agree with the things that they're saying
3:41
because that's how persuasion works. You know, you don't you don't go out there and persuade a Clinton voter to become a Trump voter or vice versa
3:48
You persuade someone who's already inclined to Trump to actually show up and vote for Trump or you or someone who's inclined to vote for Clinton to actually show up and vote for Clinton
3:58
Or you or you pull that community in a particular direction around a particular issue that they might have already been thinking, but you want to make them a little more extreme in that direction
4:10
now i want to juxtapose that um regarding what the russians have often done in the past and
4:21
continue to do um so what the chinese often do the chinese disinformation on social media
4:28
oftentimes functions in a very different way now the russians they're very interested in
4:33
what you think of your neighbor uh they're very interested in pushing particular narratives
4:38
but the Chinese are much more interested in simply what you think of China
4:45
They're not necessarily very often at least engaging in, you know, American politics or EU politics or whatever the case may be
4:56
They really care about things about China. You want to hear my impersonation of American
5:02
Yeah, yeah. Okay. Hey, I really, really want that. That looks good
5:08
conversations around Uyghur atrocities or conversations around uh the recent Olympics
5:17
those are the conversations that the Chinese push and the way they function is very different they're
5:23
not you know creating fake accounts that purport to be part of a particular community but they
5:29
operate in mass thousands of accounts uh that are don't even try very hard to look authentic
5:37
And what they do is they make sure that certain conversations don't happen
5:42
So they'll do things like take over a hashtag. Around the Olympics, for instance, we saw the Chinese accounts using hashtag genocide games on Twitter
5:54
Thousands and thousands of these Chinese accounts using this hashtag over and over again
5:59
And that might seem counterintuitive. Why would the Chinese want to use this hashtag genocide games
6:04
A hashtag that had been used by a lot of people that were critical of China around specifically critical of China in their treatment of Uyghur Muslim minority in the Xinjiang region of China
6:20
And they were using that hashtag to connect the Olympics to Uyghur atrocities
6:26
It's a it's a nice, you know, nicely packaged hashtag. It's got it's got alliteration, genocide games. And it certainly wasn't a hashtag that the Chinese wanted anybody using or a hashtag they wanted trending on Twitter or any other
6:39
But the reason they used it is they took that hashtag and they attached it to a bunch of unrelated tweets
6:48
And so that anyone looking to engage in the conversations using that hashtag would come across unrelated content, content that was pro-China, content that was part of another conversation
7:01
and that really affected people's ability to use that hashtag to criticize China
7:09
And you could see it in the data. You could see people start, they're just starting to use that hashtag to criticize China
7:16
And the Chinese swarmed that hashtag. This is a tactic that has been used long before the Chinese by, you know
7:25
genuine activists as well, taking over, brigading a hashtag like that. But the Chinese did that so that that conversation wouldn't happen
7:34
So the Russians, they want specific conversations to happen. And there's certain tactics you would use to make conversations happen
7:42
Whereas the Chinese want to make sure the conversations don't happen. Any conversation critical of China, let's make sure that's not happening
7:49
And there's other tactics you would use to make sure the conversations don't happen
7:54
This consumer is all about consumer reviews. The best consumer is about 16 years old and that when reviews were starting Online Companies engage in disinformation by buying reviews
8:13
You probably have heard about such practice. Company that has only positive reviews online
8:20
Is it possible? That's an excellent question. I think it depends on your sample size
8:26
You know, if a company only has three reviews and they're all positive
8:30
sure, I would believe that. But if they have 100,000 reviews and they're all positive, that starts to get really, really questionable
8:39
The question is a matter of numbers. Have you ever done research amount of negative content versus positive content on a corporate level
8:47
I hire here in the near future with Clemson's marketing department. And we're hoping to find somebody that can do just that type of research
8:56
Because we're very interested in that. I think that's an important space for disinformation that isn't talked about enough, especially in terms of spaces that really affect people's everyday lives and spaces where there's a lot of money in that space without question
9:15
Fake reviews are big business in the same way that fake social media profiles are big business
9:23
You know, there's huge centers in South Asia, especially, that specialize just in that type of work
9:35
And we've seen those centers spread social media disinformation, but of course they spread fake reviews as well
9:42
So, no, we haven't done that work yet, but it's a direction that I'm hoping to go in the future because I think it's important
9:47
Can you help our viewers differentiate? How do you fact check information online
9:56
You want to talk about politics? We can do it on the political level. It would be better for our consumers to understand it from a corporate level, company to consumer, B2C
10:05
I think that in looking for factual information, it's important to understand the concept of authenticity
10:17
to understand the process through which information came to you to begin with
10:26
Did the person that's sharing this information have some kind of agenda? Who are they? Do you
10:33
know them? Do you have a personal relationship with this individual? In general, my response
10:40
to people wondering how to be safe in an internet, in the digital age, in an internet environment
10:47
I usually tell them that they need to treat the digital world more like the real world
10:55
In the real world, people understand that when you go outside, most strangers don't want to hurt you
11:02
Most strangers are perfectly nice. In most circumstances, maybe even you've become friends
11:10
Who knows? But they still treat strangers like strangers. You don't walk outside and, you know, trust every single person you meet
11:21
You don't walk outside and hand over all the contact information in your phone to someone you're walking by
11:28
You don't invite somebody into your home simply because they're wearing a T-shirt that you like
11:34
But in the digital world, for some reason, you know, we do that every single day
11:39
We share our followers with others. We invite people onto our platform and allow them to follow us
11:47
We engage in conversations with people that we know absolutely nothing about and don't
11:54
even know if the information that they are telling us is truthful, if it's even a real
11:58
person at all. And so I think it's really just fundamentally important to treat the digital world more
12:05
like the real world. Because you know what? Most people in the digital world are real and they mean you no harm
12:12
but you know sometimes sometimes they do sometimes they're trying to steal your information steal your
12:20
money whatever it may be they're trying to persuade you of something for some agenda that they may have
12:26
they're trying to spread disinformation and so you you have to treat the digital world with a
12:33
just a little bit of skepticism and understand the space that you're in I think a lot of you know
12:41
younger folks, younger adults sort of have started to understand that intuitively
12:47
But for people that didn't grow up with the internet, it's a hard concept to really get
12:53
You receive a piece of information on Twitter, on Facebook. It's kind of hard to start. So on one
12:59
hand, we are saying, okay, don't share a lot of personal information online with people that you
13:05
don't know but then on the other hand so there is a tweet that flew from nowhere um and you need to
13:13
fact check it it's a little bit difficult to go back to that person and start asking them questions
13:19
because they may not be willing to share it right so how do you how do you learn more about the
13:26
person when you yourself are not prepared to give out extra information about yourself so how do you
13:32
it's kind of difficult. Yeah, I think that it's important to look at that information that
13:38
they're sharing with you as well. When I'm engaging in the digital world, there's certain
13:47
sources that I know that I trust, and I try to stick to those sources. If I'm getting information
13:53
from a link that I don't recognize or that I've never heard of, and there's a lot of perfectly
14:00
reputable sources out there that I've never heard of. I'm not perfect, but I'm still going to go
14:08
look for that same information elsewhere. You don't believe something just because you heard
14:13
it once from one source. And you want to go double check that, especially before you share it
14:20
with others, before you use your own credibility to give credibility to somebody else. I think
14:28
that's key because that's what a lot of bad actors are really trying to get. They're trying to
14:33
use your credibility to spread that information that they're trying to spread or in order to
14:39
spread that link that they're trying to get other people to click on. We just came out from two-year
14:46
lockdown for COVID. And if I remember correctly, there were a lot of people online that were
14:54
vaccines deniers people that you're saying that my body is my body I don't
15:02
want to stick anything into it freedom of expression yet we know a lot of
15:08
social media platforms have shut down COVID-19 deniers what do you think what
15:16
happened there so a lot of people we were saying hey we need vaccines the
15:22
other, not huge, but a lot of people were saying that they don't need vaccines
15:27
They have the right not to take, they have the right to speak. They have an ability to talk that they don't like lockdowns
15:36
They don't like masks. What happened there? Were there political actors behind it
15:42
What's your take on that full story? Anytime you're talking about conversations where literally the whole world is having the
15:51
same conversations. And for the past couple of years, literally everyone has been talking about the pandemic
15:58
and COVID-19. I think that you have to assume that there's a lot going on and there's a lot of different
16:07
actors and they all have different motivations. And it true that for instance Russia spread some disinformation about the pandemic especially about some of the other vaccines because they were trying to pump up their own vaccine and make their own vaccine look more reputable
16:30
You know, they weren't necessarily trying to get people not to take any vaccine, but Russia was about their vaccine
16:36
Other actors out there were spreading disinformation in order to make a buck. Take Alex Jones, for instance. He was very famously spreading disinformation about COVID-19 because he was trying to sell products off of his website
16:56
He had some products that he claimed would have an effect on curing the virus, which was all hogwash, but he wanted to make a buck
17:08
And there were a lot of other individuals, just like Alex Jones, who were trying to take advantage of various conversations around the pandemic just to make money
17:17
There's been shysters in the world since well before the internet. The internet just helps them reach a much wider audience
17:26
But honestly, you know, the biggest problem we had with misinformation around COVID-19 and frankly continue to have is just that there's a lot of people having these conversations and they're scared and they're nervous for any number of reasons
17:45
This is especially true early in conversations around COVID-19 when there wasn't a lot of, you know, information we could rely on because it hadn't been vetted yet
17:59
We didn't know much about the virus. So people were just making things up or, you know, previous false stories would emerge and then be applied to COVID-19
18:13
I remember early, early in the first month, two months of the pandemic, I wanted to see who was the first person that connected 5G to COVID-19
18:28
I don't know if you remember, but there were these these stories circulating that 5G caused COVID-19
18:34
You know, 5G, previously 4G had been blamed for all sorts of illnesses and disease from, you know, cancer to Ebola at various times
18:45
You know, we always distrust new technologies and it's been true of 5G
18:50
And so these stories about 5G causing COVID-19 were emerging. And I went and I looked
18:55
Who was the first person on Twitter that connected the idea of 5G and COVID-19
19:01
I found it was an individual in New Zealand and all their tweet said was, and 5G causes COVID-19 in five, four, three, two
19:16
It was a joke. They were saying this is a story that's about to happen. It's hogwash, but somebody's going to say it
19:21
And sure enough, the very next day on Twitter, somebody was saying 5G causes COVID-19 and these conversations were happening in Italy
19:31
So, you know, the Internet's a global place. All these conversations are interconnected
19:36
So some of the false stories about COVID-19, you could you could predict would happen because it's the same sort of thing that's happened in the past
19:45
And it's the same sort of thing that will happen in the future
19:50
You know, we've we've always liked to accuse the elite and the powerful of being responsible for horrible sins
19:58
So, you know, of course, we're going to accuse the elite and the powerful of being responsible for COVID-19
20:07
We've always wanted to accuse, you know, countries we don't trust of being responsible for things
20:13
So, of course, you know, we're going to accuse China of horrible things related to COVID-19
20:19
And it's especially difficult for these stories emerge when there might be an element of truth to it
20:24
There is an element of truth to stories about China's responsibility for COVID-19
20:31
But then those little nuggets turn into, snowball into something that is disinformation
20:37
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20:44
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20:48
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20:55
Darren, let's talk about Russia-Ukraine conflict for a little bit, if you don't mind
21:00
Russia is running, has been running hybrid war for the past eight years, since 2014
21:05
How effective is Russian propaganda, disinformation in Ukraine and in the world overall
21:12
What's your opinion? I think that globally there's an assumption that Ukraine is winning the global information war between Ukraine and Russia
21:24
And to a large degree, that's probably true if you're looking at conversations in English or conversations just in the West
21:35
but Putin's main audience has always been and continues to be the Russian people
21:43
It's the Russian people that allow him to stay in power and their loyalty and keeping them
21:51
in place allows him to maintain his authority, maintain his power. And so it is true that the
22:00
Russian people have always been his main target of disinformation. And that disinformation is
22:05
taken all kinds of forms in the past 20 years, including disinformation that comes through
22:13
traditional media. There's various state media outlets in Russia, but also in new media and
22:23
social media and various websites. And in the Russian language, Russia does seem to be
22:32
doing much better, if not winning the information war. We worked with ProPublica near the start of
22:40
the invasion to identify accounts across a number of different social media platforms
22:47
Twitter, Instagram, TikTok, VK, which is Russian Facebook and Telegram especially, that we attributed as very likely coming from the internet research agency in St. Petersburg
23:02
Russia. The Internet Research Agency, famously responsible for intervening in the 2016 U.S
23:09
election. And some of what they were doing with these accounts was very effective, especially on
23:17
TikTok. They had hundreds of thousands of followers on TikTok, millions of likes from these accounts
23:22
And they seemed to have a real effect on some of these conversations happening in Russia
23:29
Russian. And it's certainly true that Putin has still maintained high levels of
23:38
positive responses on feedback from the Russian people. There's inklings that maybe there's some
23:49
chinks in his armor, but he still has maintained that support. Social media is global, right
23:56
I would probably agree with you that within the Russian Federation, there is overwhelming support for Putin, just because they don't see a lot of other information
24:10
They lost access to Instagram, they lost access to Facebook. Their access to information on social media has been limited by government There are other Russian people around the world The person who is exposed to pure Russian Federation propaganda and to English
24:35
news channels, do you think who is winning? I think that because of the particular types
24:42
of tactics that Putin uses, the ball is still in Putin's court
24:48
And that's because he doesn't necessarily have to win anything. He just has to give just enough doubt
24:58
For decades, Russian disinformation has centered on this idea of doubt, of doubt in belief in, you know, mainstream sources and doubt that there is any real objective truth
25:20
So one tactic that we found them to be using quite effectively, seemingly, early in the war was just undermining Western sources of information by suggesting that these Western sources were lying
25:37
One video clip we saw, for instance, was a video of a German journalist standing in front of a field of body bags
25:49
And the clip said that this is a German journalist standing in Kiev reporting on the conflict in Ukraine
25:55
And then one of the body bags starts moving around and sits up and has a cigarette
26:00
Now, the video clip wasn't in Kiev at all. It was in Berlin in 2015. And this was a this video was of a global climate change protest
26:10
But that video got a lot of traction, given a different context in conversations happening around Ukraine
26:19
And, you know, what that what that video was designed to do was to spread doubt, to say, yeah, maybe the maybe the Russians lie
26:29
but so do the ukrainians so does the west uh we saw a number of fake fact check videos so these
26:38
were videos that were purporting to uh be videos that the ukrainians were spreading of destroyed
26:46
russian vehicles um and they were and and the the russians had created the whole thing from
26:55
from whole plot in order to fact check them spreading additional doubt
27:02
I know that's complex, but the real, the real issue there is that that it's
27:08
it's grounded in just spreading distrust because, you know, even if you don't think Putin is great, it's good enough for Putin
27:19
If you just don't, if you just think fine, Putin's not great, but nobody else is any better
27:23
As long as the grass isn't greener on the other side, Putin's still winning
27:28
Because if you don't believe in anything, then you're not going to fight for anything
27:32
And that's all Putin really needs at the end of the day is for the Russian people to be not willing to fight for anything
27:39
It's not Putin. How do you counteract it? It's very difficult in autocratic countries that maintain control of their information systems
27:50
Now, in a lot of these countries, especially Russia, you see slow change happening in the younger generations, especially the younger urban generations that have ways that have access to Western media, that have access to information that's not Russian state propaganda
28:13
And so and I think that's what's going to change is it's going to be a generational shift
28:21
It's not something that you can necessarily do overnight, sort of, you know, invading Russia and instituting regime change, which is probably not currently in our best interest as long as the Russians maintain a nuclear arsenal
28:40
And I think the same is true in other countries as well
28:46
China maintains incredible control over their information systems in China, but young Chinese still managed to jump the firewall and get information from the outside
28:58
And, you know, comparatively small numbers, but it still happens. The same is true in most autocratic countries, Iran as well, especially
29:05
Fake news you've ever come across? The craziest fake news I've ever come across. Oh, gosh, that's tough
29:17
There's just so much bizarre, so many bizarre things out there. I think that the craziest, and I'm not kidding, the craziest fake news out there is probably one that is more commonly believed than many others
29:35
And that's the QAnon conspiracy theory. Because it's it's not so when you really look under the surface at what, you know, QAnon really purports to be about, because the QAnon conspiracy theory says that a cabal of pedophile, cannibal socialists is in control of the world governments
30:03
and that the only individual that can stop these people is Donald Trump
30:11
So somehow, for the past generation or more, cannibal pedophiles that have gained control of our government
30:23
And that's just nuts. I mean, of course not. And especially if you start looking at all the shades of various things that that QAnon claims is true
30:37
But again, like with, you know, conspiracy theories related to China and COVID-19, these things become easy to believe when there is just a chink of truth to them
30:51
And you know what? There are some really dirty people in the government and there are sex scandals related to both liberal and conservative elites
31:05
And so when you take just a nugget of that and blow it up into a much bigger story, it can become something that millions of people believe to be true
31:13
Final message to our viewers in regards to social media, consumer reviews
31:21
How would you summarize our conversation today? I would say, one, you know, find sources that you trust and go to those sources
31:34
But then go beyond that. Find some more sources and make sure that your sources are always triangulating
31:43
Maybe even look at a few sources that you wouldn't necessarily trust, something from the other side of the ideological aisle and take those viewpoints into account as well
31:56
But the main thing I would say is to have healthy skepticism, but that it's still OK to trust
32:06
You can't disbelieve everything. We're still living in objective reality. Restate your message a little bit differently for our viewers
32:16
Guys, when you look at Facebook reviews, Google reviews, don't forget to take a look at Pissed
32:21
Consumer reviews. It's an opposite point of view sometimes
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